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Презентация на тему Polysemy and homonymy

1. What polysemantic words are. 2. Types of meaning of polysemantic words. 3. Processes of semantic development of a word. 4. Homonyms: full and partial. 5. Classification of homonyms according to the type of meaning. 6. Sources of homonymy.
Polysemy and Homonymy 1. What polysemantic words are. 2. Types of meaning of polysemantic words. 3. Processes of - words having only one meaning are comparatively few in number in English. Terms (synonym, Different meanings of a polysemantic word may come together due to the proximity of notions Polysemantic words should be studied synchronically and diachronically. Polysemy in diachronic terms implies that a Polysemantic words have: 1) primary meaning; 2) derived or secondary meaning. Some of the old 1) radiation (radial); 2) concatenation (chain).  Two processes of the semantic development of a In case of concatenation secondary meaning of a word develop like a chain. In such The last meanings have nothing to do with the primary ones. In such cases homonyms Homonyms ( Greek homoios - identical and onoma – name) are words which are identical English is rich in homonyms due to its monosyllabic character. The identical form of homonyms There is the case of full and partial homonyms. It is connected with the concept Partial homonyms homophones tale and tail waste and waist flew, flu, flue bight, bite, byte Not only notional words can demonstrate homonymy but functional words as well.   E.g. Lexical  Seal (an animal) and seal (a stamp). The part of the speech meaning 1. Phonetic changes words undergo during the historical development. 3. Word-building (conversion) – transfering from one part of the speech to another. 1. I.V. Arnold – “The English Word”. 2. G. B. Antrushina – “English lexicology”. 3.
Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1 Polysemy and Homonymy

Polysemy and Homonymy

Слайд 2 1. What polysemantic words are.
2. Types of meaning

1. What polysemantic words are.2. Types of meaning of polysemantic words.3. Processes of semantic development

of polysemantic words.
3. Processes of semantic development of a

word.
4. Homonyms: full and partial.
5. Classification of homonyms according to

the type of meaning.
6. Sources of homonymy.
7. Exercises.


Contents


Слайд 3 - words having only one meaning are comparatively

- words having only one meaning are comparatively few in number in English. Terms (synonym,

few in number in English. Terms (synonym, molecule, bronchites),

some pronouns (this, my, both), numerals.
Most of the words

in English are polysemantic, they possess more than one meaning. The more common the word is, the more meanings it has.

Monosemantic words


Слайд 4 Different meanings of a polysemantic word may come

Different meanings of a polysemantic word may come together due to the proximity of notions

together due to the proximity of notions which they

express.

E.g. the word “blanket” has the following meanings:
1) a woolen

covering used on beds
2) a covering keeping a horse warm
3) a covering of any kind (a blanket of snow)

Слайд 5 Polysemantic words should be studied synchronically and diachronically.
Polysemy

Polysemantic words should be studied synchronically and diachronically.Polysemy in diachronic terms implies that a word

in diachronic terms implies that a word may retain

its previous meaning or meanings and at the same time

acquire one or several new ones.

Synchronically we understand polysemy as coexistence of various meanings of the same word at the certain historical period of the development of English language.

Слайд 6 Polysemantic words have:
1) primary meaning;
2) derived or secondary

Polysemantic words have:1) primary meaning;2) derived or secondary meaning.Some of the old meanings can become

meaning.
Some of the old meanings can become obsolete or

even disappear, but the bulk of English words tend to

an increase in number of meanings.
The concept of central (basic) and marginal (minor) meanings may be interpreted in terms of their relative frequency in speech. The meaning having the highest frequency is synchronically its central (basic) meaning.

Types of meaning


Слайд 7 1) radiation (radial);
2) concatenation (chain).

Two processes of the

1) radiation (radial);2) concatenation (chain).Two processes of the semantic development of a word FACEfacade (of

semantic development of a word

FACE
facade (of a building)
clock

face
In the case of radiation primary meaning stands in

the center and the secondary meanings proceed out of it like rays. Each secondary meaning can be traced to the primary meaning.

Слайд 8 In case of concatenation secondary meaning of a

In case of concatenation secondary meaning of a word develop like a chain. In such

word develop like a chain. In such cases it

is difficult to trace some secondary meanings to the primary

one.

board

board of directors

crust

bread crust

hard part of anything (a pie, a cake)

harder layer over a soft snow

a sullen gloomy person

impudence


Слайд 9 The last meanings have nothing to do with

The last meanings have nothing to do with the primary ones. In such cases homonyms

the primary ones. In such cases homonyms appear in

the language. It is called the split of polysemy which

sometimes leads to homonymy.

Слайд 10 Homonyms ( Greek homoios - identical and onoma

Homonyms ( Greek homoios - identical and onoma – name) are words which are identical

– name) are words which are identical in sound

and spelling, or at least in one of this aspects,

but different in their meaning.

Bank, n. – a shore (of anglo-saxon origin)
Bank, n. – an institution for receiving, lending and exchanging money (was adopted from Italian).

Homonymy and homonyms


Слайд 11 English is rich in homonyms due to its

English is rich in homonyms due to its monosyllabic character. The identical form of homonyms

monosyllabic character. The identical form of homonyms is mostly

accidental (they coincide due to the phonetic change in the

course of their development).

lead, v. and lead, n.
Tear, n. and tear (apart), v.

Слайд 12 There is the case of full and partial

There is the case of full and partial homonyms. It is connected with the concept

homonyms. It is connected with the concept of paradigms.



Full homonyms belong to the same part of the speech,

they share a paradigm (coincide in all their forms). To blow (to send out a strong current of air) and to blow (to produce flowers) – blow, blows, blowing, blew, blown.

“Match” and “ball” are also the examples of full homonymy. They coincide in spelling, sounding and part of the speech.

Full and partial homonyms


Слайд 13 Partial homonyms
homophones
tale and tail
waste and waist
flew, flu, flue
bight,

Partial homonymshomophonestale and tailwaste and waistflew, flu, fluebight, bite, bytehomographsbow and bowpolish and Polish

bite, byte


homographs
bow and bow
polish and Polish


Слайд 14 Not only notional words can demonstrate homonymy but

Not only notional words can demonstrate homonymy but functional words as well. E.g. for and

functional words as well.

E.g. for and four


Слайд 15 Lexical
Seal (an animal) and seal (a stamp).

Lexical Seal (an animal) and seal (a stamp). The part of the speech meaning and

The part of the speech meaning and grammatical meaning

of all the forms are identical. The difference lies in

only lexical meaning.

Lexico-grammatical. Different in both lexical and grammatical aspects. To find (found, found) and found (founded, founded).

Grammatical. Homonymy of different word-forms of one and the same word. Brought – brought; brothers – brother’s.

Classification of homonyms according to the type of meaning


Слайд 16 1. Phonetic changes words undergo during the historical

1. Phonetic changes words undergo during the historical development.    knight (O.E. kniht)

development.
knight

(O.E. kniht) and night (O.E niht).

to write (O.E. writan) and right (O.E. reht, riht)

2. Borrowings (can in the final stage of its phonetic adaptation duplicate either a native word or another borrowing).
fair (a fair deal) – native (of anglo-saxon origin)
fair (a gathering of buyers and sellers) – French borrowing.

Sources of homonymy


Слайд 17 3. Word-building (conversion) – transfering from one part

3. Word-building (conversion) – transfering from one part of the speech to another.

of the speech to another.

comb, n. – to comb, v.

4.

Shortening.
fan from fanatic and fan – ventilator
rep – reputation or representative

For modern linguists it is hard to distinguish between polysemy and homonymy. In case of concatenation the last meaning can drop out of the polysemantic structure of a word.

Слайд 18 1. I.V. Arnold – “The English Word”.
2. G.

1. I.V. Arnold – “The English Word”.2. G. B. Antrushina – “English lexicology”.3. L. Lipka

B. Antrushina – “English lexicology”.
3. L. Lipka - “|Outline

of English Lexicology”.
References


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