Adjective and adverb презентация

b) the category of comparison of adverbs

on the basis of their function:
evaluative adverbs
specificative adverbs

In evaluative function adverbs distinguish the category of comparison
? five morphological forms:
one positive,
two comparative (direct and reverse)
two superlative (direct and reverse),
e.g.: bitterly – more bitterly, less bitterly – most bitterly, least bitterly.

Synthetic and analitical forms are in complimentary distribution to each other.

The superlative degree form can be used
in the absolute sense = absolute superiority
in the elative sense = a high degree of the property,
e.g.: The youngest kid cried most bitterly of all. – The kid cried most bitterly.

When used in the specificative function, adverbs are unchangeable
e.g.: We meet today; We came ashore.

c) Semantic subdivisions of adverbs

on the basis of their semantic value:
- genuine, or notional (nominal) adverbs of full semantic value
- semi-functional (pronominal) adverbs of partial semantic value.

on the basis of their general semantics:
the qualitative adverbs
denote the inherent qualities of actions and other qualities;
derived from qualitative adjectives,
e.g.: bitterly, hard, beautifully, well, etc.

They include
genuine qualitative adverbs, e.g.: bitterly, hard, beautifully, well, etc.
semi-functional words of degree, quality evaluators:

- adverbs of high degree (intensifiers), e.g.: very, greatly, absolutely, pretty;
- adverbs of excessive degree, e.g.: too, awfully, tremendously;
- adverbs of unexpected degree, e.g.: surprisingly, astonishingly;
- adverbs of moderate degree, e.g.: fairly, relatively, rather.

2) the quantitative adverbs
show quantity measure;
derived from numerals,
e.g.: twice, three times, tenfold, manifold, etc.
They belong to the group of semi-functional adverbs.

3) the circumstantial adverbs
denote mainly the circumstances of time and place
e.g.: today, here, when, far, ashore, abroad, often, etc.

Circumstantial adverbs can be notional and functional.
1) Notional (genuine) circumstantial adverbs denote
time and frequency e.g.: tomorrow, never, recently, late;
space and direction orientation, e.g.: homeward, ashore, outside, far.

2) functional circumstantial adverbs
pronominal adverbs of time, place, manner, cause, consequence,
e.g.: here, when, where, so, thus, nevertheless, otherwise, etc.

They substitute notional adverbs or other words used in the function of adverbial modifiers in a sentence,
cf.: He stayed at school. – He stayed there;