English verb phrase презентация

What is are verbs?
A verb is a "doing" word. A verb can express:
A physical action (e.g., to swim, to write, to climb).
A mental action (e.g., to think, to guess, to consider).
A state of being (e.g., to be, to exist, to appear).

What are phrases?
A phrase is a syntactic structure that consists of more than one word but lacks the subject-predicate organization of a clause.
A noun phrase is just a noun or a pronoun.
Our friends have bought a house in the village.
Those houses are very expensive.
A verb phrase is just a main verb [MV]or a main verb plus any modal and/or auxiliary verb [MO].
We all [MV] laughed.
Computers [MO] can [MV] be very annoying!
House prices [MO] could [MV] fall during the next six months.

Simple verb phrase& Complex verb phrase
A simple verb phrase consists of a main verb. The verb in a simple verb phrase shows the type of clause (e.g. declarative, imperative):
Your camera takes fantastic pictures. (present simple, declarative clause)
Dress smartly. Arrive on time. (imperative clauses)
A complex verb phrase may include one modal verb and one or more auxiliary verbs before the main verb. A modal verb always comes before any auxiliary verbs:
(mo = modal verb; aux = auxiliary verb; mv = main verb)
You [MO]may [AUX]have [MV]played this game before. (modal verb + one auxiliary verb)
The work [MO]should [AUX]have [AUX]been [MV]finished by 30 January. (modal verb + two auxiliary verbs)

Classification of Verbs
Regular and Irregular Verbs
A regular verbA regular verb is one that forms its simple
past tensepast tense and its past participle by adding –
ed or -d to the base form of the verb
(Compare love, hate, move/ tell, bleed, see)

Classification of Verbs
Action Verbs and Stative/State Verbs
An action verb expresses an activity that a person or thing can do. A stative/ state verb expresses a state rather than an action. A stative verb typically relates to a state of being, a thought, or an emotion.
Lee eats cake. (Eating is something Lee can do.)
The bear chased the salmon in the shallow rapids. (Chasing is something the bear can do.)
Compare those verbs with these:
Lee likes cake. (To like is not an activity. It's a state.)
The bear is hungry. (To be is not an activity. It's a state.)
.

Classification of Verbs
Transitive Verbs and Intransitive Verbs
A transitive verb is one that acts on something (i.e., it has a direct object).
For example:
I saw the dog. (Here, the direct object is the dog.)
Lee ate the pie. (Here, the direct object is the pie.)
The postman will give Sarah the letter. (Here, the direct object is the letter.)
Intransitive Verb
An intransitive verb is one that does not act on something (i.e., there is no direct object).
For example:
The rain fell.
My throat hurts.
The cat sneezed.

Classification of Verbs
Auxiliary Verbs ( BE, HAVE, DO)- pomocná slovesa
An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) accompanies a main verb to help express tense, voice or mood.
BE- is added to other verbs to make progressive and passive forms.
DO- is used to make questions, negatives and emphatic forms of non-auxiliary verbs.
HAVE- is used to make perfect forms.
Lee has eaten all the pies. (Here, the auxiliary verb has helps to express tense.)
The table has been prepared. (Here, the auxiliary verbs has been help to express voice (in this case, the passive voice).)
If he were to arrive in the next 10 minutes, we would be on schedule. (Here, the auxiliary verbs were and would help to express mood (in this case, the subjunctive mood).)

Classification of Verbs
Copular verbs (sponová slovesa)
They join an adjective or noun complement to a subject. Common copular verbs are: seem, be, appear, look, sound, smell, taste, feel, become, get.
That car looks fast. The stew smells good. She became a racehorse trainer.
Compare:
He spoke intelligently./ He looks intelligent.
Isabel suddenly appeared in the doorway./ The problem appeared impossible.

Classification of Verbs
Some copular verbs are used to talk about change- become, get, grow, go, turn, stay, remain, keep.
It´s growing colder.
How does she stay so young?
The leaves are going brown.

Classification of Verbs
Modal Verb
A modal verb is a type of auxiliary verb used to express ideas such as ability, possibility, permission, and obligation. The modal auxiliary verbs are can, could, may, might, must, ought to, shall, should, will, and would.
Lee can eat a lot of pies. (Here, the modal verb can helps to express the idea of ability.)
Lee might eat that pie before he gets home. (Here, the modal verb might helps to express the idea of possibility.)
Lee may eat as many pies as he likes. (Here, the modal verb may helps to express the idea of permission.)
Lee should give you some of that pie given you bought it. (Here, the modal verb should helps to express the idea of obligation.)

Classification of Verbs
Phrasal Verb
A phrasal verb is a verb made up of more than one word (usually two words). A phrasal verb has a main verb and another word (either a preposition or a particle). The phrasal verb usually has a meaning different to the main verb. For example:
A burglar will often break a window to break in. (Here, the phrasal verb break in means to enter illegally, which is different to break.)
If you drop the baton the team will drop back to last place. (Here, the phrasal verb drop back means to fall behind, which is different to drop.)

Verb Categories
PERSON (osoba)- 1st person, 2nd person, 3rd person
NUMBER (číslo) singular or plural
TENSE (čas) present / past/ future
ASPECT (vid) simple/ progressive/ perfect or perfect progressive
MOOD (způsob) indicative/ imperative/ subjunctive
VOICE (rod slovesný!) passive or active

Finite verb phrases
can occur as the verb phrase of independent clause (clause- a group of words that includes a subject and a predicate)
have tense contrast (the distinction between present and past tenses)
express person and number concord
have mood

Finite verb phrases
simple- He works hard. He worked hard. Work harder! It is important that he work hard.
complex- four basic types of construction in a complex verb phrase:
Type A (modal+ the base of a verb)
Type B (the auxiliary HAVE + the past participle of a verb)
Type C (the auxiliary BE+ the present participle of a verb)
Type D (the
auxiliary BE+ the past participle)

Nonfinite verb phrases
have no tense and mood distinction
cannot occur in construction with a subject of a main clause
express types B, C, D
include infinitives and ING forms (participles and gerund)
Type B – to have examined (infinitive), having examined (participle)
Type C- to be examining (infinitive), (being) examining (participle)
Type BD- to have been examined (infinitive), having been examined (participle)