English Word Formation презентация

Types of Word Formation
Compounding
Prefixation
Suffixation
Conversion
Clipping
Blends
Backformation
Acronyms
Onomatopoeia
Eponyms
Toponyms

1. Compounding
Definition: Two or more words joined together to form a new word.
Examples:
Home + work ? homework
Pick + pocket ? pickpocket
The meaning of a compound is not always the sum of the meanings of its parts.
Types of compounds:
Compound nouns
Compound verbs
Compound adjectives

Compound Nouns
Boyfriend, hatchback
Cut-throat, breakfast
Sunshine, birth control
Software, fast food
In-crowd, overkill
Drop-out, put-on
Noun + Noun
Verb + Noun
Noun + Verb
Adjective + Noun
Particle + Noun
Verb + Particle

Compound Verbs
Carbon-copy, sky-dive
Fine-tune
Overbook
Bad-mouth
Noun + Verb
Adjective + Verb
Particle + Verb
Adjective + Noun

Compound Adjectives
Capital-intensive
Deaf-mute
Coffee-table
Roll-neck
White-collar
Before-tax
Go-go
Noun + Adjective
Adjective + Adjective
Noun + Noun
Verb + Noun
Adjective + Noun
Particle + Noun
Verb-verb

2. Prefixation
Class-changing prefixes:
a- ? asleep ? V to Adj
be- ? bewitch ? N to V
en- ? enslave ? N to V
Class-maintaining prefixes:
in- ? indefinite ? Adj to Adj
fore- ? foreman ? N to N
Etc.

3. Suffixation
Suffixes forming Nouns
N from N: -dom ? kingdom
N from V: -ee ? employee
N from Adj: -ce ? dependence
Suffixes forming Verbs
V from N: -ify ? beautify
V from Adj: -en ? shorten
Suffixes forming adjectives
Adj from N: -al ? educational
Adj from V: -able ? understandable
Adj from Adj: -ish ? greenish
Suffixes forming Adverbs: -ly, -ward, and –wise.

4. Conversion
Definition: Assigning an already existing word to a new syntactic category.
Types of Conversion
Verb to Noun: to hit ? a hit
Adj to N: a final game ? a final
N to V: a sign ? to sign
Adj to V: an empty box ? to empty

5. Clipping
Definition: Shortening a polysyllabic word by deleting one or more syllables
Examples:
Gasoline ? Gas
Hamburger ? Burger
delicatessen ?
microphone ?
deli
mike

6. Blends
Definition: Similar to compounds, but parts of the words are deleted.
Examples:
Motor + hotel ? Motel
Breakfast + lunch ? Brunch
Wireless + Fidelity ?
Sheep + goat ?
Wi-fi
Shoat

7. Back-formations
Definition: Creative reduction due to incorrect morphological analysis.
Examples:
editor (1649)
? edit (1791)
television (1907)
? televise (1927)
Paramedical (1921)
? paramedic (1967)

8. Acronyms
Definition: Words derived from the initial letters of several words and use them as a new word
Examples:
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Treats
? SWOT
Self-contained underwater breathing apparatus
? SCUBA

9. Onomatopoeia
Definition: Words created to sound like the thing that they name.

10. Eponyms
Definition: a person after whom a discovery, invention, place, etc., is named.
Examples:
Celcius (Anders Celcius)
Cook Islands (James Cook)

11. Toponyms
Definition: a place name, especially one derived from a topographical feature.
Examples:
Montana (‘mountains’ in Spanish)
Mississippi (‘big river’ in Chippewa)