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Презентация на тему Functional styles

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Style (Latin 'stylus‘) "Style is a contextually restricted linguistic variation." (N.E. Enkvist)
Functional styles What is style? What is functional style? Classification of functional styles Style (Latin 'stylus‘)  Style Style Style is a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another or Style is      way of using language By register (circumstances attending Style is identified by a COMBINATION of properties Lexical  means Syntactical  means Phonological Functional style  a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfill formal  Neutral informal Informal Style used in personal two-way every-day communication vocabulary may be determined socially (educational and Informal Style gesture, tone, voice are as important as words carelessness in grammar and pronunciation) Informal Style imaginative word play (e.g. These clips are really …clippy) ready-made formulas of politeness Informal Style lexical expressions of modality (e.g. definitely, in a way, I should think so, Informal Style substantive adjectives (e.g. greens for ’green leaf vegetables’, woolies for ‘woolen clothes’) lexical Informal Style Vocabulary Colloquial words     - literary colloquial (cultivated speech) Literary Colloquial   used by educated people in an informal conversation or when writing Familiar Colloquial more emotional, much more free and careless used mostly by young and semi-educated Low Colloquial Speech illiterate speech contains more vulgar, harsh words (bloody, hell, f-word) sometimes contains Slang mainly used by young and uneducated characterized by the use of expressive, mostly ironical Slang most slang words are metaphors and jocular, often with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring Slang slang words and idioms are short-lived, soon they ether disappear or lose their peculiar Slang general slang – for any social or professional group (cool) special slang – peculiar Argot special vocabulary used by a particular social or age group, the so-called underworld (the Dialect Words Dialect is a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with Dialect Words dialect words may enter colloquial speech, slang, then neutral vocabulary and formal language Formal Style used in scientific discourse, in monologue, often prepared in advance words are used Formal Style Vocabulary Literary / learned words [lə:nid]     - words of Formal Style Vocabulary literary / learned words – used in descriptive passages of fiction mostly Formal Style Vocabulary words of scientific prose   experimental, divergent, in terms of, heterogeneous, Formal Style Vocabulary words of poetic diction: used in poetry characterized by a lofty, high-flown, Formal Style Vocabulary Obsolete words are words that dropped from the language, no longer in Formal Style Vocabulary Archaic words are words which survive in special contexts, current in an Historical words words denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no Historical words names of ancient transport means, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments, etc. crinoline - Professional Terminology Term is a word or a word-group which is specifically employed by a Professional Terminology terms should be monosemantic independent of the context have only denotational meaning terms Neutral Vocabulary opposed to formal and informal words used in all kinds of situations, independent Neutral words constitute the core of the language corpus, denote objects and phenomena of everyday Functional styles Classification of
  functional styles  official style scientific style  publicist style  newspaper Official style represented in all kinds of official documents and papers: а) the language style Official style (“officialese”) The aim is to reach agreement between two contracting parties: Official style   special clichés, terms and set expressions (beg to inform you, I Diplomatic documents Special terms and phrases:  contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, pact, Legal language extremely formal style abundance of terms including Latin words (habeas corpus) often incomprehensible The Boeing Company By-Laws (Устав) Article 1 Section 4: “Except as otherwise required by statute Official style   use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions: Business: oc (over-the counter) Official style  fixed compositional patterns  Business letters the heading giving (the address of Official style  Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts, statutes, contracts, Scientific style  found in scientific research papers, dissertations, articles, brochures, monographs and other academic Scientific style the aim is: to prove a hypothesis,  to create new concepts, Scientific style objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality  generalized language (абстрактный язык) logical Scientific style  referencing (fооt-nоtes, quotations)   impersonality (passive constructions)  very prolific in Medical text «Before the individual medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed, the conventional approach Publicist style essay, feature article, most writings of Style of oratory the oral subdivision of the publicist style  purpose of oratory is Style of oratory direct address to the audience by special formulas (Ladies and Gentlemen) final Style of oratory  features of colloquial style (I’ll; won’t; haven’t; isn’t, etc) to reach Style of oratory Skills of public speaking:  voice  intonation and pausation Essay is a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, scientific or literary subjects Essay brevity of expression; use of the first person singular (a personal approach to the Newspaper style observed in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers  the language Publicist style goal - to give ‘views’, i.e. to shape the audience’s opinion, to Newspaper style Informative, unbiased and evaluative to a certain extent  specific vocabulary to avoid BRIEF NEWS ITEMS  state facts without giving explicit comments  mostly implicit evaluation BRIEF NEWS ITEMS  characterized by an extensive use of: Special political and economic terms BRIEF NEWS ITEMS   Abbreviations (NATO, EEC)  Neologisms (liquid bomb plot)  Complex BRIEF NEWS ITEMS   Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial)  Attributive noun groups: A THE HEADLINE  to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about THE HEADLINE can be  almost a summary of the information  “Homemade explosive would THE HEADLINE  elliptical sentences (with auxiliary verbs, articles, subject, predicate omitted): “Man charged with THE HEADLINE   deliberate breaking-up of set expressions: “Cakes and Bitter Ale” (Cakes and ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS  Goal :  to inform   to appeal to the ADVERTISEMENTS:
  classified and non-classified  Classifieds (“Jobs”, “Births”, “Obituaries”, etc)    -stereotyped Non-classified adverts The reader's attention is attracted by every possible means: typographical graphical  stylistic, Style of Advertisement TO BElles-lettres or Genres  of  Literature Genres of literature http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsJko91QjgE  More detailed description of genres http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNF4zpdDsSU Belles-lettres style а) the language style of poetry; b) the language style of emotive prose; Belles-lettres style Function: cognitive and aesthetic  genuine, not trite; imagery, achieved by purely linguistic
Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 2 Style (Latin 'stylus‘)
"Style is a contextually restricted

Style (Latin 'stylus‘)

linguistic variation." (N.E. Enkvist)


Слайд 3 Style
"Style is a product of individual choices and

Style

patterns of choices (emphasis added) among linguistic possibilities." (Seymour

Chatman)


Слайд 4 Style
"Style is a quality of language which communicates

Style

precisely emotions or thoughts, or a system of emotions

or thoughts, peculiar to the author.“
(J. M. Murry)


Слайд 5 Style
is a set of characteristics by which we

Styleis a set of characteristics by which we distinguish one author from another or members

distinguish one author from another or members of one

subclass from members of other sub­classes, all of which are

members of the same general class (I.R. Galperin)

Слайд 6 Style is
way of

Style is   way of using languageBy register (circumstances attending the process of speech)

using language
By register (circumstances attending the process of speech)

:
formal –neutral – informal
By personal characteristics:

Individual style (of a writer)
By the context of communication:
Functional style


Слайд 7 Style
is identified by a COMBINATION of properties
Lexical
means
Syntactical

Styleis identified by a COMBINATION of propertiesLexical meansSyntactical meansPhonological meansstyle

means
Phonological
means
style


Слайд 8 Functional style
a system of coordinated, interrelated and

Functional style a system of coordinated, interrelated and interconditioned language means intended to fulfill a

interconditioned language means intended to fulfill a specific function

of communication and aiming at a definite effect. (I. R.

Galperin)

Слайд 9

formal
Neutral
informal

formal Neutralinformal

Слайд 10 Informal Style
used in personal two-way every-day communication
vocabulary may

Informal Styleused in personal two-way every-day communicationvocabulary may be determined socially (educational and cultural background,

be determined socially (educational and cultural background, age group,

occupation) or regionally (dialect)


Слайд 11 Informal Style
gesture, tone, voice are as important as

Informal Stylegesture, tone, voice are as important as wordscarelessness in grammar and pronunciation) not much

words
carelessness in grammar and pronunciation)
not much variety in

vocabulary (some words are overused: thing, do, get, right, really)
repetitions,

filling words (you know, kind of, well)

Слайд 12 Informal Style
imaginative word play (e.g. These clips are

Informal Styleimaginative word play (e.g. These clips are really …clippy)ready-made formulas of politeness and tags

really …clippy)
ready-made formulas of politeness and tags (Could you…?

Fine, isn’t it?)
standard expressions of surprise, gratitude (e.g. Thanks

a million), apology (So sorry), etc.

Слайд 13 Informal Style
lexical expressions of modality (e.g. definitely, in

Informal Stylelexical expressions of modality (e.g. definitely, in a way, I should think so, not

a way, I should think so, not at all,

by no means)
ellipses (Hope you enjoy it)


Слайд 14 Informal Style
substantive adjectives (e.g. greens for ’green leaf

Informal Stylesubstantive adjectives (e.g. greens for ’green leaf vegetables’, woolies for ‘woolen clothes’)lexical intensifiers, emphatic

vegetables’, woolies for ‘woolen clothes’)
lexical intensifiers, emphatic verbs and

adverbs with lost denotational meaning (e.g. awfully, lovely, terrific, dead

right)

Слайд 15 Informal Style Vocabulary
Colloquial words
-

Informal Style VocabularyColloquial words  - literary colloquial (cultivated speech)  - familiar colloquial

literary colloquial (cultivated speech)
- familiar

colloquial
- low colloquial (illiterate speech)
Slang words
Dialect

words


Слайд 16 Literary Colloquial
used by educated people in

Literary Colloquial used by educated people in an informal conversation or when writing letters to

an informal conversation or when writing letters to intimate

friends bite, snack = meal
to have a

crush on smb = to fall in love with smb
to turn up = come,


Слайд 17 Familiar Colloquial
more emotional, much more free and careless
used

Familiar Colloquialmore emotional, much more free and carelessused mostly by young and semi-educateda great number

mostly by young and semi-educated
a great number of jocular

or ironical expressions and nonce-words
e.g. doc – doctor, ta-ta –

good-bye

Слайд 18 Low Colloquial Speech
illiterate speech
contains more vulgar, harsh words

Low Colloquial Speechilliterate speechcontains more vulgar, harsh words (bloody, hell, f-word)sometimes contains elements of dialect

(bloody, hell, f-word)
sometimes contains elements of dialect


Слайд 19 Slang
mainly used by young and uneducated
characterized by the

Slangmainly used by young and uneducatedcharacterized by the use of expressive, mostly ironical words which

use of expressive, mostly ironical words which create fresh

names for some usual things


Слайд 20 Slang
most slang words are metaphors and jocular, often

Slangmost slang words are metaphors and jocular, often with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring

with a coarse, mocking, cynical colouring
money

– beans, bras, dibs, dough, wads
drunk – boozy,

cock-eyed, soaked



Слайд 21 Slang
slang words and idioms are short-lived, soon they

Slangslang words and idioms are short-lived, soon they ether disappear or lose their peculiar colouring

ether disappear or lose their peculiar colouring and become

either colloquial or stylistically neutral:
chap, fun, mob, shabby,

hitch-hiker, once in a blue moon

Слайд 22 Slang
general slang – for any social or professional

Slanggeneral slang – for any social or professional group (cool)special slang – peculiar for specific

group (cool)
special slang – peculiar for specific groups: teenager

slang, football slang, computer slang: keel = kill (Internet-slang)


Слайд 23 Argot
special vocabulary used by a particular social or

Argotspecial vocabulary used by a particular social or age group, the so-called underworld (the criminal

age group, the so-called underworld (the criminal circles)
its main

purpose - to be unintelligible to the outsiders
e.g. shin –

knife, book – life sentence

Слайд 24 Dialect Words
Dialect is a variety of a language

Dialect WordsDialect is a variety of a language which prevails in a district, with local

which prevails in a district, with local peculiarities of

vocabulary, pronunciation and grammar
Allus = always (Yorkshire)
Bonkkle = bottle

(Birmingham)

Слайд 25 Dialect Words
dialect words may enter colloquial speech, slang,

Dialect Wordsdialect words may enter colloquial speech, slang, then neutral vocabulary and formal language car,

then neutral vocabulary and formal language
car, tram,

trolley


Слайд 26 Formal Style
used in scientific discourse, in monologue, often

Formal Styleused in scientific discourse, in monologue, often prepared in advancewords are used with precisionthe

prepared in advance
words are used with precision
the vocabulary and

syntax are elaborate and standard-oriented


Слайд 27 Formal Style Vocabulary
Literary / learned words [lə:nid]

Formal Style VocabularyLiterary / learned words [lə:nid]  - words of scientific prose  -

- words of scientific prose

- official words
- poetic diction
archaic

and obsolete words
professional terminology


Слайд 28 Formal Style Vocabulary
literary / learned words – used

Formal Style Vocabularyliterary / learned words – used in descriptive passages of fictionmostly polysyllabic words

in descriptive passages of fiction
mostly polysyllabic words
create complex

and solemn associations
delusion, reverberate, splenetic, insiduous


Слайд 29 Formal Style Vocabulary
words of scientific prose
experimental,

Formal Style Vocabularywords of scientific prose experimental, divergent, in terms of, heterogeneous, officialese (канцеляризмы) –bureaucratic

divergent, in terms of, heterogeneous,
officialese (канцеляризмы) –bureaucratic language,

peculiar to official documents: accommodation (room), donation (gift), comestibles (food),

dispatch (send off)


Слайд 30 Formal Style Vocabulary
words of poetic diction:
used in poetry
characterized

Formal Style Vocabularywords of poetic diction:used in poetrycharacterized by a lofty, high-flown, sometimes archaic colouringthey

by a lofty, high-flown, sometimes archaic colouring
they are more

abstract
e.g. array (clothes), steed (horse), lone (lonely), naught (nothing), thee

(you)

Слайд 31 Formal Style Vocabulary
Obsolete words are words that dropped

Formal Style VocabularyObsolete words are words that dropped from the language, no longer in use,

from the language, no longer in use, for at

least a century.


Слайд 32 Formal Style Vocabulary
Archaic words are words which survive

Formal Style VocabularyArchaic words are words which survive in special contexts, current in an earlier

in special contexts, current in an earlier time but

rare in present usage.
associated with poetic diction
e.g. aye (yes), nay

(no), morn (morning), betwixt (between)

Слайд 33 Historical words
words denoting objects and phenomena which are

Historical wordswords denoting objects and phenomena which are things of the past and no longer

things of the past and no longer exist
they are

names for social relations, institutions, objects of material culture of

the past

Слайд 34 Historical words
names of ancient transport means, ancient clothes,

Historical wordsnames of ancient transport means, ancient clothes, weapons, musical instruments, etc.crinoline - кринолин musket

weapons, musical instruments, etc.
crinoline - кринолин
musket - мушкет


hansom двухколесный экипаж ( с местом для кучера сзади )



Слайд 35 Professional Terminology
Term is a word or a word-group

Professional TerminologyTerm is a word or a word-group which is specifically employed by a particular

which is specifically employed by a particular branch of

science, technology, trade or the arts to convey a concept

peculiar to this particular activity

Слайд 36 Professional Terminology
terms should be monosemantic
independent of the context
have

Professional Terminologyterms should be monosemanticindependent of the contexthave only denotational meaningterms should not have synonyms

only denotational meaning
terms should not have synonyms
cardiovascular

(сердечно-сосудистый), futures (фьючерсы = фин.), modem


Слайд 37 Neutral Vocabulary
opposed to formal and informal words
used in

Neutral Vocabularyopposed to formal and informal wordsused in all kinds of situations, independent of the

all kinds of situations, independent of the sphere of

communication




Слайд 38 Neutral words
constitute the core of the language corpus,

Neutral wordsconstitute the core of the language corpus, denote objects and phenomena of everyday importancecharacterized

denote objects and phenomena of everyday importance
characterized by high

frequency
e.g. to walk, summer, child, green


Слайд 40 Functional styles

Functional styles

Слайд 41 Classification of functional styles
official style
scientific style
publicist

Classification of
 functional styles official stylescientific style publicist style newspaper stylebelles-lettres style (стиль художественной литературы)

style
newspaper style
belles-lettres style (стиль художественной литературы)


Слайд 42 Official style
represented in all kinds of official documents

Official stylerepresented in all kinds of official documents and papers:а) the language style of business

and papers:
а) the language style of business documents;
b) the

language style of diplomatic documents;
с) the language style of legal

documents;
d) the language style of military documents

Слайд 43 Official style (“officialese”)
The aim is to reach agreement

Official style (“officialese”)The aim is to reach agreement between two contracting parties:  - the

between two contracting parties:
- the state

and the citizen,
- or citizen and

citizen;
- a society and its members;
- two or more enterprises or bodies;
- two or more governments (pacts, treaties);
- a person in authority and a subordinate, etc.
- a board of directors and employees

Слайд 44 Official style
special clichés, terms and set

Official style special clichés, terms and set expressions (beg to inform you, I second the

expressions (beg to inform you, I second the motion,

provisional agenda, the above-mentioned, hereinafter named, hereby, on behalf of,

private advisory, etc.)

Слайд 45 Diplomatic documents
Special terms and phrases:
contracting parties, to

Diplomatic documentsSpecial terms and phrases: contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, pact, persona non

ratify an agreement, memorandum, pact, persona non grata, principle

of non-interference, extra-territorial status, exchange of ambassadors, Member State


Слайд 46 Legal language
extremely formal style
abundance of terms including Latin

Legal languageextremely formal styleabundance of terms including Latin words (habeas corpus)often incomprehensible even to the

words (habeas corpus)
often incomprehensible even to the native speakers


Слайд 47 The Boeing Company By-Laws (Устав)
Article 1 Section 4:

The Boeing Company By-Laws (Устав)Article 1 Section 4: “Except as otherwise required by statute and

“Except as otherwise required by statute and as set

forth below, notice of each annual or special meeting of

stockholders shall be given to each stockholder of record entitled to vote at such a meeting not less than thirty nor more than sixty days before the meeting date.”

Слайд 48 Official style
use of abbreviations, conventional symbols

Official style use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions:Business: oc (over-the counter) без посредниковTC (till

and contractions:
Business: oc (over-the counter) без посредников
TC (till cancelled)

пока не аннулировано, AAAA –American Association of Advertising Agencies (Американская

Ассоциация Рекламных Агентств)
Military: adv. (advance); atk (attack); obj. (object); ATAS (Air Transport Auxiliary Service),

Слайд 49 Official style
fixed compositional patterns
Business letters
the heading

Official style fixed compositional patterns Business lettersthe heading giving (the address of the writer, the

giving (the address of the writer, the date, the

name of the addressee and his address)
Introduction (Dear Sir(s) /

Madam
Text
Conclusion (Sincerely / Faithfully yours)
Signature and work position

Слайд 50 Official style
Almost every official document has its

Official style Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts, statutes, contracts, affiliation

own compositional design. Pacts, statutes, contracts, affiliation contracts (трудовой

договор / членства), orders (заказы) and minutes (протокол собрания) and

memoranda (memos) — all have more or less definite forms.

Слайд 51 Scientific style
found in scientific research papers, dissertations,

Scientific style found in scientific research papers, dissertations, articles, brochures, monographs and other academic publicationsа)

articles, brochures, monographs and other academic publications
а) the language

style of arts
b) the language style of sciences;
с) the language

style of popular scientific prose


Слайд 52 Scientific style
the aim is:
to prove a hypothesis,
to

Scientific stylethe aim is:to prove a hypothesis, to create new concepts, to disclose the internal

create new concepts,
to disclose the internal laws of

existence,
to establish relations between different phenomena, etc.


Слайд 53 Scientific style
objective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality

Scientific styleobjective, precise, unemotional, devoid of any individuality generalized language (абстрактный язык)logical sequence of utterances


generalized language (абстрактный язык)
logical sequence of utterances (connectives: as

is clear from, therefore, thus, consequently, etc.)
use of terms specific

to each given branch of science

Слайд 54 Scientific style
referencing (fооt-nоtes, quotations)
impersonality (passive

Scientific style referencing (fооt-nоtes, quotations) impersonality (passive constructions) very prolific in coining new words :

constructions)
very prolific in coining new words :
-

drone (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
- bionic eye (microchip implanted into the

visual cortex of the brain – enables the blind to “see”)



Слайд 55 Medical text
«Before the individual medical diagnostic and therapeutic

Medical text«Before the individual medical diagnostic and therapeutic procedures are discussed, the conventional approach to

procedures are discussed, the conventional approach to management needs

to be elucidated».
Прежде чем перейти к рассмотрению конкретных диагностических и

лечебных мероприятий следует разобрать общепринятый подход к лечению.

Слайд 56 Publicist style
essay, feature article, most writings of "new

Publicist styleessay, feature article, most writings of

journalism", radio and television commentary, public speeches, etc.
а) the

language style of oratory;
b) the language style of essay;
с) the

language style of feature articles in newspapers and journals.

Слайд 57 Style of oratory
the oral subdivision of the publicist

Style of oratorythe oral subdivision of the publicist style purpose of oratory is persuasion requires

style
purpose of oratory is persuasion
requires a lot

of eloquence
speeches on political and social occasions (party

meetings, weddings, funerals, jubilees, in sermons and debates, in speeches of counsel and judges in courts of law)

Слайд 58 Style of oratory
direct address to the audience by

Style of oratorydirect address to the audience by special formulas (Ladies and Gentlemen)final formulas to

special formulas (Ladies and Gentlemen)
final formulas to thank the

audience (Thank you very much; Thank you for your time)
use

of we, let’s (identifying with the audience)

Слайд 59 Style of oratory
features of colloquial style (I’ll;

Style of oratory features of colloquial style (I’ll; won’t; haven’t; isn’t, etc) to reach closer

won’t; haven’t; isn’t, etc) to reach closer contact;
the emotional

colouring may be solemn, or ironic, but not “lowered” -

jocular, rude, vulgar, or slangy;
stylistic devices to rouse the audience and keep it in suspense (repetition, climax, rhetorical questions, parallel constructions, etc.)

Слайд 60 Style of oratory
Skills of public speaking:
voice
intonation

Style of oratorySkills of public speaking: voice intonation and pausation ability to break the monotonyListen

and pausation
ability to break the monotony

Listen to

an example.


Слайд 61 Essay
is a literary composition of moderate length on

Essayis a literary composition of moderate length on philosophical, social, scientific or literary subjectspreserves a

philosophical, social, scientific or literary subjects
preserves a clearly personal

character
has no pretence to deep or strictly scientific treatment of

the subject
a number of comments, without any definite conclusions

Слайд 62 Essay
brevity of expression;
use of the first person singular

Essaybrevity of expression;use of the first person singular (a personal approach to the problems treated);an

(a personal approach to the problems treated);
an expended use

of connectives, which facilitates the process of grasping the correlation

of ideas;
abundant use of emotive words;
use of similes and metaphors as one of the media for the cognitive process.

Слайд 63 Newspaper style
observed in the majority of information materials

Newspaper styleobserved in the majority of information materials printed in newspapers the language style of

printed in newspapers
the language style of brief news

items
the language style of newspaper headlines;
the language

style of advertisements

Слайд 64 Publicist style
goal - to give ‘views’, i.e. to

Publicist stylegoal - to give ‘views’, i.e. to shape the audience’s opinion, to make

shape the audience’s opinion, to make the audience accept

the speaker’s point of view

Newspaper style
goal – to give news,

i.e. to inform the audience

PUBLICIST vs NEWSPAPER STYLE


Слайд 65 Newspaper style
Informative, unbiased and evaluative to a certain

Newspaper styleInformative, unbiased and evaluative to a certain extent specific vocabulary to avoid direct responsibility:

extent
specific vocabulary to avoid direct responsibility:

The minister is reported to have denied the fact

The President was quoted as saying that there was no reason for panic.



Слайд 66 BRIEF NEWS ITEMS
state facts without giving explicit

BRIEF NEWS ITEMS state facts without giving explicit comments mostly implicit evaluation stylistically neutral, unemotional

comments
mostly implicit evaluation
stylistically neutral, unemotional
matter-of-fact and

stereotyped forms
neutral and common literary vocabulary


Слайд 67 BRIEF NEWS ITEMS
characterized by an extensive use

BRIEF NEWS ITEMS characterized by an extensive use of:Special political and economic terms (cold war,

of:
Special political and economic terms (cold war, recession)
Non-term political

vocabulary (public, people, progressive, nation-wide)
Newspaper clichés (smear campaign, pillars of

society); lots of them are pompous, hackneyed, false and misleading (political euphemisms)

Слайд 68 BRIEF NEWS ITEMS
Abbreviations (NATO, EEC)
Neologisms

BRIEF NEWS ITEMS Abbreviations (NATO, EEC) Neologisms (liquid bomb plot) Complex syntactical structure:Brown addresses tonight’s

(liquid bomb plot)
Complex syntactical structure:
Brown addresses tonight’s TUC

dinner, and is expected to face blunt words from Brendan

Barber, general secretary, and Dave Prentis, TUC president and leader of Unison, on the failure to connect with the needs of ordinary people.

Слайд 69 BRIEF NEWS ITEMS
Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial,

BRIEF NEWS ITEMS Verbal constructions (infinitive, participial, gerundial) Attributive noun groups:A team-building exercise involving imitation

gerundial)
Attributive noun groups:
A team-building exercise involving imitation guns

backfired when it prompted a full-scale armed police response.


Слайд 70 THE HEADLINE
to inform the reader briefly what

THE HEADLINE to inform the reader briefly what the text that follows is about to

the text that follows is about
to arouse the

reader's curiosity
to express the newspaper’s attitude to the information

(elements of appraisal)

Слайд 71 THE HEADLINE can be
almost a summary of

THE HEADLINE can be almost a summary of the information “Homemade explosive would be detonated

the information
“Homemade explosive would be detonated with a

camera flash”
short phrases: “Freddie, Fannie and Friends”
citing: “Give

Scotland own digital channel, says inquiry”







Слайд 72 THE HEADLINE
elliptical sentences (with auxiliary verbs, articles,

THE HEADLINE elliptical sentences (with auxiliary verbs, articles, subject, predicate omitted):“Man charged with murder of

subject, predicate omitted):
“Man charged with murder of boat couple”
“Russia

to leave Georgia after EU deal”
“In praise of …open days”


Слайд 73 THE HEADLINE
deliberate breaking-up of set expressions:
“Cakes

THE HEADLINE deliberate breaking-up of set expressions:“Cakes and Bitter Ale” (Cakes and Ale) “Conspirator-in-chief Still

and Bitter Ale” (Cakes and Ale)
“Conspirator-in-chief Still at

Large” (Constable-in-Chief)


Слайд 74 ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS
Goal :
to inform

ADVERTISEMENTS AND ANNOUNCEMENTS Goal : to inform to appeal to the reader to persuade the

to appeal to the reader
to persuade the reader

to respond accordingly





Слайд 75 ADVERTISEMENTS: classified and non-classified
Classifieds (“Jobs”, “Births”, “Obituaries”,

ADVERTISEMENTS:
 classified and non-classified Classifieds (“Jobs”, “Births”, “Obituaries”, etc)  -stereotyped patterns - economizing space

etc)
-stereotyped patterns
- economizing space

(= money):
- abbreviations
- neutral (with occasional

emotionally coloured words to attract the reader's attention)

Слайд 76 Non-classified adverts
The reader's attention is attracted by every

Non-classified advertsThe reader's attention is attracted by every possible means:typographicalgraphical stylistic, both lexical and syntactical

possible means:
typographical
graphical
stylistic, both lexical and syntactical


Слайд 77 Style of Advertisement

Style of Advertisement

Слайд 78 TO BElles-lettres or

TO BElles-lettres or 
         NOT TO BElles-lettres

NOT TO BElles-lettres ?
Fiction embraces numerous and versatile

genres of imaginative writing, all sorts of style – formal and informal, uses the tools of all the functional styles. Is it reasonable to distinguish it as an independent style?
No consensus.


Слайд 79

Genres
of
Literature

Genres of Literature

Слайд 80
Genres of literature http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsJko91QjgE
More detailed description of

Genres of literature http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AsJko91QjgE More detailed description of genres http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNF4zpdDsSU

genres http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dNF4zpdDsSU


Слайд 81 Belles-lettres style
а) the language style of poetry;
b) the

Belles-lettres styleа) the language style of poetry;b) the language style of emotive prose;с) the language

language style of emotive prose;
с) the language style of

drama.


Слайд 82 Belles-lettres style
Function: cognitive and aesthetic
genuine, not trite;

Belles-lettres styleFunction: cognitive and aesthetic genuine, not trite; imagery, achieved by purely linguistic devices richness

imagery, achieved by purely linguistic devices
richness of vocabulary

and expressive means
a peculiar selection of vocabulary which reflects the

author's personal evaluation of things or phenomena
The belles-lettres style is individual in essence

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