What is philosophy презентация

What is/are the Goal/s of Philosophy?
philo- Love
sophia- wisdom
Philosophy= the love of wisdom
2 major goals:
a. Find truth
b. Find goodness
Theoretical, reach knowledge
Practical, reach happiness

More specific Goals
Philosophy aims to give
• An account of the future and of the past;
• An account of what makes sense and what doesn’t make sense;
• An account of morality
• An account of beauty;
• An account of the divine;

Philosophers in pursuing these goals have created theories sometimes intricate, sometimes astonishing, sometimes bizarre, sometimes eccentric.
Their work nevertheless has shaped our intellectual lives!
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Wilfried Sellars: “The aim of philosophy, abstractly formulated, is to understand how things in the broadest possible sense of the term hang together in the broadest possible sense of the term” (Sellars 1963)
What is the Aim of Philosophy?
Under “things in the broadest possible sense” I include such radically different items as not only “cabbages and kings,” but numbers and duties, possibilities and finger snaps, aesthetic experience and death

The queen of the sciences
There was a time when all the sciences where historically subsumed under philosophy.
Think about Socrates, Aristotle’s lyceum, Plato’s academia.
Philosophy was the discipline used to study -in the broadest sense, the nature of the world and of reality.
First, it’s natural to wonder, to be inquisitive. Philosophy satisfies our curiosity
Second, philosophizing is pleasurable but you might counter that it doesn’t suit your tastes.
Third, philosophy is useful.
Nevertheless, you may not value wisdom or knowledge unless it engenders material reward.
What is the Value of Philosophy?

This understanding was popular until the 17th century –>
Newtons seminal work that formed the foundation of classical mechanics is titled Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (translated).
These days, people tend to think of philosophy as purely metaphysical, that is, dealing with abstract concepts such as the nature of being, knowledge, ethics etc but philosophy tirelessly draws from scientific discoveries. Many general guiding ideas that lie at the foundation of modern science were first enunciated by the perceptive force of philosophical thought.
Example: the idea of the atomic structure of things voiced by Democritus.
Most important value
4. Philosophy teaches you how to think
Make logic argument
Resist ideology
Confront authority
Oppose unfounded beliefs
Resist propaganda

Logic + analytic/critical reasoning to answer deep questions.
).
Method
B. Russell: ‘Philosophy begins with premises that no one would ever think of doubting and proceeds through a careful process of valid reasoning to conclusions so preposterous to common sense that no one could help doubting’

Philosophy as the Queen of the Sciences
Once all sciences were subsumed within Philosophy. Philosophy was the discipline used to study -in the broadest sense, the nature of the world and of reality.

This understanding was popular until the 17th century –>
Newtons’ seminal work Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy (translated).
These days, people think of philosophy as purely abstract and metaphysical endeavour, but in reality philosophy tirelessly draws from scientific discoveries and inspires scientific thinking
Example: atomic structure of things (Democritus)

Many great scientists were also great philosophers
EINSTEIN : ‘Science without philosophy is lame. Philosophy without science is blind’.

Heisenberg confessed ‘my mind was formed by studying philosophy, Plato and that sort of thing’ (Buckley and Peat, 1996, p.6).
Russell (1914) argued that the difference between philosophy and science is of the degree not of kind.
Dewey (1938/1991) echoed: that the roots of philosophy and science are the same.
Poincaré (1905) and Duhem (1908/1991) spent their whole lives developing a ‘scientific philosophy’.

Is Philosophy a Unitary Discipline?
NO!
Metaphysics
Logic
Ethics/Aesthetics/Political Philosophy
Epistemology

Meta- beyond/above
Physicoi- nature
The study of what there is above nature.
What is the nature of God?
What is the nature time?
What is the relation between thought/cognition?
Metaphysics

Logic
Philosophical logic: is the application of formal logical techniques to philosophical problems.
Instrumental to guide, direct and improve our thinking!

Normative philosophy deals with "should" questions as opposed to "is" questions. act in an altruistic manner
What is it worth? What is Good? What is Bad?
Practical Philosophy
Moral, Ethics, Political , Social = Normative Philosophy

Theoretical Philosophy
Essentially Epistemology
Episteme- knowledge
Logos- study of/discourse the study
knowledge

Debates in epistemology are generally clustered around four core areas:
Philosophical analyses of the nature of knowledge and of the conditions required to achieve it
Analysis of sources of knowledge, such as perception, reason, memory, and testimony
3. The study of the structure of a body of knowledge
4. Resisting scepticism

In these debates and others, epistemology aims to answer questions such as:
-"What do we know?", -
-"What does it mean to say that we know something?",
-"What makes justified beliefs justified?", and
-"How do we know that we know?"