Memory plasticity презентация

Memory
SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORY
Short-term memory (STM) is a memory for information currently held “in mind” (it has limited capacity).
Long-term memory (LTM) refers to information that is stored; it need not be presently accessed or even consciously accessible.
Long-term store is considered to have essentially unlimited capacity within the inherent confounds of the brain.

Memory
SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORY
The concept of working memory
Working memory - the ability to plan and sequence an adaptive behavior utilizing on-line or actively stored and processed information from both the external and internal environments.
Working memory emphasizes a wider role in cognition (reasoning, comprehension, etc.), whereas short-term memory is often taken to imply a more passive retention of material.

Memory
SHORT-TERM AND WORKING MEMORY
The concept of working memory
The prefrontal cortex is playing a crucial role in working memory.
The main storage site of information is not within the prefrontal cortex themselves but in the posterior cortex.
The function of the prefrontal cortex is to keep this information active and/or manipulate the active information according to current goals.

Memory
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY
Procedural memory - retention of a learned skill (mental, perceptual, or motor) acquired after practice.
Procedural memory refers to memory for skills (such as riding a bike).
It is not consciously accessible (in the sense that the contents of the memory are not amenable to verbal report)
The basal ganglia are important for procedural memory

Memory
DIFFERENT TYPES OF LONG-TERM MEMORY
Semantic memory is conceptually based knowledge about the world, including knowledge of people, places, the meaning of objects and words (It is culturally shared knowledge).
Episodic (autobiographical memory) memory refers to memory of specific events in one’s own life.

Memory
DIFFERENT TYPES OF MEMORY

Memory
Brain Systems That Contribute to Encoding, Consolidation and Storage, and Retrieval
The different processing stages that are involved in memory.
Memories have to be created —that is, information must be encoded into memory.
Memories also must be stored, or maintained over time.
While they are stored, they may undergo consolidation, or strengthening.
Finally, for a memory to be useful we need to be able to access it; that is, we need to be able to retrieve it.

Memory
Encoding
Two major brain regions play a role in encoding: the hippocampus and prefrontal cortex.
The hippocampal system is activated during encoding of faces, words, scenes, or objects
The left hippocampus is more involved for verbal materials, such as words, whereas the right is more involved for processing of nonverbal materials, such as faces

Memory
Another region of the brain that neuroimaging studies have indicated is robustly and reliably active at the time of acquisition of information and encoding in various long-term memory tasks is ventrolateral prefrontal cortex
Like the hippocampal system, lateralization of activity is observed depending on the nature of the material being encoded (the left prefrontal cortex for words, right prefrontal cortex for unfamiliar faces)
Activity is distributed over both left and right prefrontal cortex for namable objects, which can be coded both verbally and spatially

Memory
Dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, which is important for working memory, may also contribute to encoding.
This region may aid encoding by holding together multiple pieces of information at the same time, which would then, in turn, enhance their ability to be bound and associated in long-term memory.
The prefrontal cortex inhibits irrelevant information and encodes information in such a way that it can later be easily retrieved

Memory
Consolidation and Storage
The hippocampus also plays a role in memory consolidation, the process by which memories are strengthened to allow for long-term retention.