Arabic cluster: a bridge between east and west презентация

CONTENTS:
General characteristic of the Cluster;
Findings from GLOBE data: Societal practicies and values;
Findings from Globe data: Outstanding leadership attributes;
Implications for managers;
Personal opinion.

ARAB WORLD (ARAB NATION)
22 arabic-speaking countries (identity – Arabic language)

ARABIC CLUSTER
Egypt
Morocco
Kuwait
Turkey
Qatar

ECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC PROFILE
Source: Human Development Report (2000, 2001).

HISTORICAL FOUNDATIONS
The earliest civilizations – Egypt, Anatolia, Morroco.
Egypt and Morroco were invided by Arabs in the 7th century
Egypt was conquered by Turks (16th century), French invasion (1798-1805), Ottoman province until 1914. Then, under British Protectorate (1914-1952)
Morroco was under Spanish and French protectorates (1912 – 1956)
Kuwait – the terriotory in1500s under Portuguese control, 18th century Anaizia tribe founded Kuwait, 1899-1914 British protectorate
Qatar – 1872-1914 under Ottoman rule, British protectorate (1916-1968)
Turkey – the Ottoman empire (1299-1923), since 1923 – republic

LEGAL SYSTEMS
Egypt – mix of English common law, Napoleonic codes and Islamic law
Kuwait – civil legal system (Islamic law is important)
Morocco – mix of Islamic law, French and Spanish civil law
Qatar – Islamic law
Turkey – European civil law

POLITICAL SYSTEMS
Egypt - Semi-Presidential Republic
Kuwait – Constitutional monarchy
Morocco – Constitutional monarchy
Qatar – Absolute monarchy
Turkey - Parliamentary Republic

RELIGION
Egypt – Sunni Muslims (90%) and Coptic Christians (10%);
Kuwait – Sunni Muslims (70%) and Shi’a Muslims (30%);
Morocco – Muslims (98%);
Turkey – Muslims (99%);
Qatar – Muslims.

SHARIA
Hygiene and purification laws (the manner of cleansing);
Economic laws (Zakāt, Waqf, the prohibition on interest or Riba);
Dietary laws;
Theological obligations;
Criminal jurisprudence;
Military jurisprudence (Jihad, offensive and defensive; rules regarding prisoners of war);
Dress code, including hijab;
Other topics include customs and behaviour, slavery and the status of non-Muslims.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ELEMENTS: LANGUAGE
EGYPT, KUWAIT, MOROCCO, QATAR
Arabic language (Afro-Asiatic family)
TURKEY
Turkish language (Turkic family)

ARAB IDENTITY AND ETHNICITY
Arabs are very consious about their Arab identity; language and common culture creates a feeling of belonging to the Arab world
Defining who is an Arab is based on the following two criteria:
Genealogical: someone who can trace his or her ancestry to the original inhabitants of the Arabian Peninsula and the Syrian Desert (tribes of Arabia).
Linguistic: someone whose first language, and cultural expression is Arabic.

SOCIO-CULTURAL ELEMENTS: CLOTHING

SOCIO-CULTURAL ELEMENTS: FOOD

VALUES
Religion
Family and network of interdependent relations
Equity in personal worth
Honor and respect
Life

CULTURAL DIMENSIONS

SOCIETAL PRACTICES AND VALUES

SOCIETAL PRACTICES AND VALUES
Group and family collectivism – HIGH (5.58)
Power distance – HIGH (5.23)

SOCIETAL PRACTICES AND VALUES
Future orientation – LOW(3.58)
Concept of “fate”
Low significance of planning and influencing the future
Gender egalitarianism – LOW (2.95)
Sex role stereotypes and inequalities
Masculine society

SOCIETAL PRACTICES AND VALUES
Uncertainty avoidance – MEDIUM (3.91)
Institutional collectivism – MEDIUM (4.28)
Humane orientation – MEDIUM (4.36)
Performance orientation – MEDIUM (3.90)
Assertiveness – MEDIUM (4.14)

COMPARISON AMONG CLUSTER
Morocco - highest score on power distance.
Turkey and Morocco - similar results in some cultural dimensions.
Egypt – highest score on humane orientation and future orientation.
Kuwait - highest score on uncertainty avoidance.
Qatar - highest score on gender egalitarianism.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER CLUSTERS
HIGHER group and family collectivism
HIGHER power distance
LOWER gender egalitarianism
LOWER uncertainty avoidance
LOWER future orientation
LOWER assertiveness

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES
Team-oriented – HIGH (5.47)
Charismatic – HIGH (5.35)

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES
Team-oriented – HIGH Influence (5.47)
Group-oriented & team-builders
Collaborative, loyal, consultative
Diplomatic, intra-group conflict avoiders, win-win problem-solvers
Charismatic – HIGH influence (5.35)
Visionary & future oriented
Inspirational, positive, enthusiastic, motivational, confidence builders
Risk takers & self-sacrificial
Decisive, logical

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES
Participative
Non-autocratic & non-dictatorial manner
Delegate tasks
SLIGHT Influence (4.98)
Humane
Generous & compassionate in a modest and patient manner
SLIGHT Influence (4.80)

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES
Self-protective
Self-centered, status conscious, conflict inducer
NEGATIVE Influence (3.79)
Autonomous
Individualistic, independent, autonomous and unique
NEGATIVE Influence (3.69)

LEADER
sets a vision and promotes performance-orientation in a collectivistic manner
Initiates change and improvement by keeping group solidarity and avoiding nepotism

LEADERSHIP ATTRIBUTES: DIFFERENCES AMONG CLUSTER
Kuwait, Turkey and Egypt – team-oriented and charismatic
Morocco and Qatar - participative and team-oriented

COMPARISON WITH OTHER CLUSTERS
Have modest style, not stick out, keep group solidarity
Be a man with a “miracle”, who leads followers to ideals, initiate change and improvement

IMPLICATIONS
FOR MANAGERS
Develop personal relationships and group solidarity;
Build trust;
Employ traditional approaches and promote practices and values needed for competition (dual set of values);
Leader can evaluate subordinates, but he is responsible for their well-being;
Unacceptable for subordinates to evaluate the leader;
Use “Consultation” and “Third party” conflict resolution.