Слайд 2
![Types of metaphors: Relating to the executive; Relating to legislation;](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-1.jpg)
Types of metaphors:
Relating to the executive;
Relating to legislation;
Relating to elections;
Relating to
non-government organizations;
Relating to the issues;
Others.
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![Relating to the executive: eminence grise ; figurehead; puppet government; star chamber.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-2.jpg)
Relating to the executive:
eminence grise ;
figurehead;
puppet government;
star chamber.
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![Relating to legislation: blank check; grandfather clause; poison pill; pork barrel legislation or patronage; rider.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-3.jpg)
Relating to legislation:
blank check;
grandfather clause;
poison pill;
pork barrel legislation or patronage;
rider.
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![Relating to elections: character assassination; dark/black horse; landslide victory; muckraking;](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-4.jpg)
Relating to elections:
character assassination;
dark/black horse;
landslide victory;
muckraking;
mudslinging;
parachute candidate / carpetbagger;
paper candidate;
riding coattails;
sacrificial
lamb;
stalking horse.
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![Relating to non-government organizations: grassroots; astroturfing.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-5.jpg)
Relating to non-government organizations:
grassroots;
astroturfing.
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![Relating to the issues: wedge issue; third rail; straw man; sacred cow.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-6.jpg)
Relating to the issues:
wedge issue;
third rail;
straw man;
sacred cow.
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![Others: government in the sunshine; lame duck; melting pot; salad bowl.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-7.jpg)
Others:
government in the sunshine;
lame duck;
melting pot;
salad bowl.
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![Eminence grise - literally, "grey man," from French. Colloquially, the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-8.jpg)
Eminence grise -
literally, "grey man," from French. Colloquially, the power-behind-the-throne. An
official close to the president or monarch who has so much power behind the scenes that he or she may double or serve as the monarch.
Jean Léon Gerôme: L'Eminence Grise
ист. Серое преосвященство (отец Джозеф
– монах-францисканец, подручный и
тайный агент кардинала Ришелье )
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![Figurehead - a leader whose powers are entirely symbolic, such as a constitutional monarch](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-9.jpg)
Figurehead -
a leader whose powers are entirely symbolic, such as a
constitutional monarch
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![Puppet government - a government that is manipulated by a foreign power for its own interests](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-10.jpg)
Puppet government -
a government that is manipulated by a foreign
power for its own interests
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![Star chamber - a secretive council or other group within](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-11.jpg)
Star chamber -
a secretive council or other group within a government
that possesses the actual power, regardless of the government's overt form
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![Blank check - legislation which is vaguely worded to the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-12.jpg)
Blank check -
legislation which is vaguely worded to the point where
it can be widely exploited and abused
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![Grandfather clause - A clause in legislation that forbids or](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-13.jpg)
Grandfather clause -
A clause in legislation that forbids or regulates an
activity so that those engaged in it are exempted from the ban
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![Poison pill - a provision in an act or bill](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-14.jpg)
Poison pill -
a provision in an act or bill which defeat
or undermines its initial purpose, or which make it politically unacceptable
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![Pork barrel legislation or patronage - acts of government that blatantly favor special interest groups](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-15.jpg)
Pork barrel legislation or patronage -
acts of government that blatantly
favor special interest groups
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![Rider - rider that attaches something new or unrelated to](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-16.jpg)
Rider -
rider that attaches something new or unrelated to an existing
bill. In legislative practice, a rider is an additional provision annexed to a bill under the consideration of a legislature, having little connection with the subject matter of the bill.
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![Character assassination - spreading (usually) manufactured stories about a candidate](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-17.jpg)
Character assassination -
spreading (usually) manufactured stories about a candidate with
the intent to destroy his or her reputation in the eyes of the public
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![Dark/black horse - a candidate who is largely ignored by opponents yet makes significant gains](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-18.jpg)
Dark/black horse -
a candidate who is largely ignored by opponents yet
makes significant gains
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![Landslide victory - a huge victory for one side](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-19.jpg)
Landslide victory -
a huge victory for one side
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![Muckraking - uncovering and publicizing scandalous information about a person or organization](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-20.jpg)
Muckraking -
uncovering and publicizing scandalous information about a person or
organization
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![Mudslinging - harsh partisan insults exchanged between candidates](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-21.jpg)
Mudslinging -
harsh partisan insults exchanged between candidates
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![Parachute candidate / carpetbagger - a candidate who runs for](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-22.jpg)
Parachute candidate / carpetbagger -
a candidate who runs for election in
an area which he or she is not a native resident or has no ties
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![Paper candidate - a candidate who puts no effort into](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-23.jpg)
Paper candidate -
a candidate who puts no effort into his
campaign and is essentially just a name on the ballot
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![Riding coattails - victories by local or state politicians because](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-24.jpg)
Riding coattails -
victories by local or state politicians because of the
popularity of more powerful politicians
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![Sacrificial lamb - a candidate who is put forward to](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-25.jpg)
Sacrificial lamb -
a candidate who is put forward to run
for office, by his party or others, but who has no chance of winning
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![Stalking horse - a perceived front-runner candidate who unifies his](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-26.jpg)
Stalking horse -
a perceived front-runner candidate who unifies his or
her opponents, usually within a single political party (кандидатура, выдвигаемая на выборах для раскола оппозиции)
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![Grassroots - a political movement driven by the constituents of a community](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-27.jpg)
Grassroots -
a political movement driven by the constituents of a
community
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![Astroturfing - formal public relations campaigns in politics and advertising](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-28.jpg)
Astroturfing -
formal public relations campaigns in politics and advertising that
seek to create the impression of being spontaneous, grassroots behavior
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![Wedge issue - an issue which turns members of a party against each other](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-29.jpg)
Wedge issue -
an issue which turns members of a party against
each other
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![Third rail - an issue which is so controversial, pursuing](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-30.jpg)
Third rail -
an issue which is so controversial, pursuing it or
even attempting to address it could end one's political career
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![Straw man - the practice of refuting an argument that](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-31.jpg)
Straw man -
the practice of refuting an argument that is weaker
than one's opponent actually offers, or which he simply has not put forth at all. A type of logical fallacy.
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![Sacred cow - an institution which few dare question, because it is so revered](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-32.jpg)
Sacred cow -
an institution which few dare question, because it is
so revered
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![Government in the sunshine - a government which keeps all](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-33.jpg)
Government in the sunshine -
a government which keeps all its records
and documents open and easily accessible by the public
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![Lame duck - a politician who has lost an election,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-34.jpg)
Lame duck -
a politician who has lost an election, or who
is serving his last term in an office where the law limits the number of times he may succeed himself, and is simply waiting for his term to expire
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![Melting pot - a society in which all outsiders assimilate to one social norm](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-35.jpg)
Melting pot -
a society in which all outsiders assimilate to one
social norm
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![Salad bowl - a society in which cultural groups retain](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-36.jpg)
Salad bowl -
a society in which cultural groups retain their unique
attributes (opposite of melting pot theory)
Слайд 38
![Top Ten Metaphors of 2005](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-37.jpg)
Top Ten Metaphors of 2005
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![P.S. Just relax!!! The whole truth about …](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-38.jpg)
P.S. Just relax!!!
The whole truth about …
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![Thank you for attention!!!](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/508769/slide-39.jpg)
Thank you for attention!!!