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Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Considered one of the greatest intellects that ever lived
Newton had a
difficult childhood and was considered an odd boy.
He was sent to Cambridge in 1660 to earn a degree in law.
![Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Considered one of the greatest intellects that ever lived Newton](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-1.jpg)
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During this time, a mostly Plato/Aristotle view of universe predominated.
Newton sought truth in
science and math.
“Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth.”
![During this time, a mostly Plato/Aristotle view of universe predominated. Newton sought truth](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-2.jpg)
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Newton returns home
Graduated from Cambridge in 1665 with no distinction.
The plague closed university
that same year.
Newton returned to his family’s farm for 18 months.
![Newton returns home Graduated from Cambridge in 1665 with no distinction. The plague](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-3.jpg)
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1666 – Newton’s miracle year
Newton developed a theory of light (white light is
composed of all colors).
He developed calculus.
Created his laws of motion.
And finally, created his universal theory of gravitation.
![1666 – Newton’s miracle year Newton developed a theory of light (white light](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-4.jpg)
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Development of Calculus
He named it the “Method of Fluxions.”
Used it for finding areas,
tangents, the lengths of curves and the maxima and minima of functions.
![Development of Calculus He named it the “Method of Fluxions.” Used it for](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-5.jpg)
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Newton needed this to develop his laws of motion and law of gravitation.
The
credit for calculus is now shared with Leibniz.
![Newton needed this to develop his laws of motion and law of gravitation.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-6.jpg)
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Newton’s three laws of motion
First Law
An object does what it’s already doing unless
affected by an unbalanced force.
This is Galileo's concept of inertia.
Also called the “law of inertia”.
Friction is a force.
![Newton’s three laws of motion First Law An object does what it’s already](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-7.jpg)
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This was more advanced than the Plutonian view of movement.
![This was more advanced than the Plutonian view of movement.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-8.jpg)
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Second Law of Motion
F = ma
F = net (unbalanced) force in Newtons
m
= mass in kilograms
a = acceleration in m/sec2
![Second Law of Motion F = ma F = net (unbalanced) force in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-9.jpg)
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He probably used Galileo's experimental conclusions to develop this equation.
This equation can be
developed from lab experiments.
![He probably used Galileo's experimental conclusions to develop this equation. This equation can](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-10.jpg)
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Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal and opposite
reaction.
For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.
![Newton’s Third Law of Motion For every action, there is an equal and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-11.jpg)
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Newton’s Universal Gravitation Theory
His “ah-ha!” experience started with a falling apple- does the
moon also fall?
The same laws that apply to the Earth also apply to the heavens.
![Newton’s Universal Gravitation Theory His “ah-ha!” experience started with a falling apple- does](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-12.jpg)
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Fg α m1m2/s2
F = force in Newtons
α read as “is proportional to”
m1 = mass
of first object in Kg
m2 = mass of second object in Kg
s2 = distance between object’s center of gravity in meters
![Fg α m1m2/s2 F = force in Newtons α read as “is proportional](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-13.jpg)
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Final form of gravitation equation
Fg = Gm1m2/s2
G = the gravitational constant (determined 100
years after Newton)
G = (6.67 x 10-11 N(m2/Kg2).
![Final form of gravitation equation Fg = Gm1m2/s2 G = the gravitational constant](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-14.jpg)
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Newton developed a mathematical “proof” based on his first 3 laws of motion.
This
law also supported by Kepler’s calculations and orbit data.
![Newton developed a mathematical “proof” based on his first 3 laws of motion.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-15.jpg)
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New paradigm for society
The universe is subject to “cause and effect” (responding to
forces).
Less magic, and more reason.
All of nature can be explained by math and reason.
The universe is like a giant wind-up clock, set in motion at creation.
![New paradigm for society The universe is subject to “cause and effect” (responding](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-16.jpg)
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Newton’s Social Life
Became a member of Royal Society of Science in 1672.
Reluctant
to publish, because he was sensitive to criticism.
Was also very vindictive to enemies.
![Newton’s Social Life Became a member of Royal Society of Science in 1672.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-17.jpg)
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Strengths of Newton’s Theory
Explains almost all observations.
Can accurately calculate outcomes (used to calculate
everything from space shuttles to the design of skyscrapers).
For the most part, is derived by applying logic to everyday experience (applied common sense).
![Strengths of Newton’s Theory Explains almost all observations. Can accurately calculate outcomes (used](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-18.jpg)