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![Isaac Newton 1642-1727 Considered one of the greatest intellects that](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-1.jpg)
Isaac Newton 1642-1727
Considered one of the greatest intellects that ever lived
Newton
had a difficult childhood and was considered an odd boy.
He was sent to Cambridge in 1660 to earn a degree in law.
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![During this time, a mostly Plato/Aristotle view of universe predominated.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-2.jpg)
During this time, a mostly Plato/Aristotle view of universe predominated.
Newton sought
truth in science and math.
“Plato is my friend, Aristotle is my friend, but my best friend is truth.”
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![Newton returns home Graduated from Cambridge in 1665 with no](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-3.jpg)
Newton returns home
Graduated from Cambridge in 1665 with no distinction.
The plague
closed university that same year.
Newton returned to his family’s farm for 18 months.
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![1666 – Newton’s miracle year Newton developed a theory of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-4.jpg)
1666 – Newton’s miracle year
Newton developed a theory of light (white
light is composed of all colors).
He developed calculus.
Created his laws of motion.
And finally, created his universal theory of gravitation.
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![Development of Calculus He named it the “Method of Fluxions.”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-5.jpg)
Development of Calculus
He named it the “Method of Fluxions.”
Used it for
finding areas, tangents, the lengths of curves and the maxima and minima of functions.
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![Newton needed this to develop his laws of motion and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-6.jpg)
Newton needed this to develop his laws of motion and law
of gravitation.
The credit for calculus is now shared with Leibniz.
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![Newton’s three laws of motion First Law An object does](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-7.jpg)
Newton’s three laws of motion
First Law
An object does what it’s already
doing unless affected by an unbalanced force.
This is Galileo's concept of inertia.
Also called the “law of inertia”.
Friction is a force.
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![This was more advanced than the Plutonian view of movement.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-8.jpg)
This was more advanced than the Plutonian view of movement.
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![Second Law of Motion F = ma F = net](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-9.jpg)
Second Law of Motion
F = ma
F = net (unbalanced) force in
Newtons
m = mass in kilograms
a = acceleration in m/sec2
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![He probably used Galileo's experimental conclusions to develop this equation.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-10.jpg)
He probably used Galileo's experimental conclusions to develop this equation.
This equation
can be developed from lab experiments.
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![Newton’s Third Law of Motion For every action, there is](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-11.jpg)
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
For every action, there is an equal
and opposite reaction.
For every force, there is an equal and opposite force.
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![Newton’s Universal Gravitation Theory His “ah-ha!” experience started with a](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-12.jpg)
Newton’s Universal Gravitation Theory
His “ah-ha!” experience started with a falling apple-
does the moon also fall?
The same laws that apply to the Earth also apply to the heavens.
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![Fg α m1m2/s2 F = force in Newtons α read](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-13.jpg)
Fg α m1m2/s2
F = force in Newtons
α read as “is proportional to”
m1
= mass of first object in Kg
m2 = mass of second object in Kg
s2 = distance between object’s center of gravity in meters
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![Final form of gravitation equation Fg = Gm1m2/s2 G =](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-14.jpg)
Final form of gravitation equation
Fg = Gm1m2/s2
G = the gravitational constant
(determined 100 years after Newton)
G = (6.67 x 10-11 N(m2/Kg2).
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![Newton developed a mathematical “proof” based on his first 3](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-15.jpg)
Newton developed a mathematical “proof” based on his first 3 laws
of motion.
This law also supported by Kepler’s calculations and orbit data.
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![New paradigm for society The universe is subject to “cause](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-16.jpg)
New paradigm for society
The universe is subject to “cause and effect”
(responding to forces).
Less magic, and more reason.
All of nature can be explained by math and reason.
The universe is like a giant wind-up clock, set in motion at creation.
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![Newton’s Social Life Became a member of Royal Society of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-17.jpg)
Newton’s Social Life
Became a member of Royal Society of Science in
1672.
Reluctant to publish, because he was sensitive to criticism.
Was also very vindictive to enemies.
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![Strengths of Newton’s Theory Explains almost all observations. Can accurately](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/201176/slide-18.jpg)
Strengths of Newton’s Theory
Explains almost all observations.
Can accurately calculate outcomes (used
to calculate everything from space shuttles to the design of skyscrapers).
For the most part, is derived by applying logic to everyday experience (applied common sense).