Слайд 2
![March 11, 1985: Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-1.jpg)
March 11, 1985: Gorbachev is elected General Secretary of the Central
Committee of the Soviet Communist Party
Слайд 3
![Gorby on need for reform, disarmament http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595W4JJHa2U](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-2.jpg)
Gorby on need for reform, disarmament
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=595W4JJHa2U
Слайд 4
![London, 1983. British Premier Margaret Thatcher: “I think we can do business with Mr. Gorbachev”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-3.jpg)
London, 1983. British Premier Margaret Thatcher: “I think we can do
business with Mr. Gorbachev”
Слайд 5
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-4.jpg)
Слайд 6
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-5.jpg)
Слайд 7
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-6.jpg)
Слайд 8
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-7.jpg)
Слайд 9
![Aleksandr Yakovlev](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-8.jpg)
Слайд 10
![Edouard Shevardnadze](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-9.jpg)
Слайд 11
![Anatoly Chernyaev](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-10.jpg)
Слайд 12
![Georgy Arbatov Georgy Arbatov](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-11.jpg)
Georgy Arbatov
Georgy Arbatov
Слайд 13
![1985-86. The launching of perestroika. Cautious attempts at reforms, with](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-12.jpg)
1985-86. The launching of perestroika. Cautious attempts at reforms, with the
main emphasis on the economy.
1986-88: A more decisive policy of market reforms, accompanied by glasnost, liberalization, and political reform
Слайд 14
![Options for reform Soviet socialism can only be revived through](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-13.jpg)
Options for reform
Soviet socialism can only be revived through the creation
of a market mechanism and political liberalization (presented as democratization)
Linkages between economic and political reforms
At first – priority of economic over political
Economic reform impossible without political liberalization
Political liberalization leads to the emergence of political divisions within the Party and society – rise of pluralism as a natural condition
Managing a pluralistic society requires political democracy
Слайд 15
![Novoye myshlenie (new thinking) – reform of the international system,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-14.jpg)
Novoye myshlenie (new thinking) – reform of the international system, also
used to refer to reformist thinking in the USSR
Perestroika (restructuring) – a comprehensive overhaul of the Soviet system, involving all areas of public policy
Glasnost – a shift to an open information order
Demokratizatsiya (democratization) – building a new Soviet political system
Слайд 16
![Which forces supported the reform process? The spectrum inside the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-15.jpg)
Which forces supported the reform process?
The spectrum inside the Party: from
anarchists to monarchists
The Party-state bureaucracy – mostly conservative, fearful of change – potential loss of power and privilege
The managerial class is interested in greater autonomy, limited market freedom
The intellectuals: overwhelming support for liberal reform, democratization
Rank-and-file Party membership predominantly in favour of Gorbachev’s reforms
The ideological legitimacy of democracy
The working class
Nationalists in non-Russian republics
Слайд 17
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-16.jpg)
Слайд 18
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-17.jpg)
Слайд 19
![Chernobyl, April 26, 1986](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-18.jpg)
Chernobyl, April 26, 1986
Слайд 20
![Negotiating an end to the Cold War The threat of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-19.jpg)
Negotiating an end to the Cold War
The threat of nuclear war
as the overriding issue
The Cold War was undermining the Soviet system
The economic burden
A militarized state ensured bureaucratic paralysis: society lacked basic freedoms, the state was losing its capacity to govern
The atmosphere of confrontation with the West was stifling impulses for necessary reforms, imposing ideological rigidity
Soviet domination of Eastern Europe was now seen as an obsolete, counterproductive policy. Lessons of Czechoslovakia (1968) and Poland (1980-81). Reforms in Eastern Europe are necessary for Soviet reform.
Solution: New Thinking, a plan to negotiate an end to the Cold War to assure security and free up Soviet and East European potential for reform. “The Sinatra Doctrine”
Слайд 21
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-20.jpg)
Слайд 22
![Geneva, November 17, 1985: “A nuclear war can never be won and should never be fought”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-21.jpg)
Geneva, November 17, 1985: “A nuclear war can never be won
and should never be fought”
Слайд 23
![Gorbachev on his first meeting with Reagan: “My talks with](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-22.jpg)
Gorbachev on his first meeting with Reagan:
“My talks with Reagan
were intensive, substantive, and at times emotional – but, what is very important, frank and, as we were getting to know each other better, friendly. Our debates were especially passionate when we discussed human rights, regional conflicts, and the ill-famous SDI. But by the time our meeting was coming to the end, I felt: we can do business with Reagan.”
Zhizn’ i reformy, vol. 2, p. 14
Слайд 24
![Results of the Geneva Summit: Start of the dialog Main](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-23.jpg)
Results of the Geneva Summit:
Start of the dialog
Main points of agreement:
No
to nuclear war
No nuclear superiority
Слайд 25
![Hofde House, site of the Reykjavik Summit, October 11-12, 1986](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-24.jpg)
Hofde House, site of the Reykjavik Summit, October 11-12, 1986
Слайд 26
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-25.jpg)
Слайд 27
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-26.jpg)
Слайд 28
![Results of the Reykjavik Summit: Discovered mutual interest in deep](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-27.jpg)
Results of the Reykjavik Summit:
Discovered mutual interest in deep cuts in
nuclear offensive arms
Elimination of all INFs a real possibility
SDI a major obstacle to agreement
Слайд 29
![Washington, December 8, 1987](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-28.jpg)
Washington, December 8, 1987
Слайд 30
![Gorbachev and Reagan sign a treaty to ban all medium-range ballistic missiles (The INF Treaty)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-29.jpg)
Gorbachev and Reagan sign a treaty to ban all medium-range ballistic
missiles (The INF Treaty)
Слайд 31
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-30.jpg)
Слайд 32
![May 1988: Reagan in Moscow, declares the Cold War over](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-31.jpg)
May 1988: Reagan in Moscow, declares the Cold War over
Слайд 33
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-32.jpg)
Слайд 34
![Addressing students at Moscow State University](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-33.jpg)
Addressing students at Moscow State University
Слайд 35
![December 7, 1988](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-34.jpg)
Слайд 36
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-35.jpg)
Слайд 37
![1989: First democratic election in USSR Emergence of democratic opposition](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-36.jpg)
1989:
First democratic election in USSR
Emergence of democratic opposition
Fall of communist
regimes in Eastern Europe
1990:
Democratic elections in the 15 Soviet republics
Republics push for sovereignty
Gorbachev’s desperate attempts to maintain control
1991:
Escalation of conflict between conservatives and democratic reformers
The August coup and the paralysis of the Soviet state.
Dissolution of the Soviet Union.
Слайд 38
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-37.jpg)
Слайд 39
![Poland, Feb. 1989: Roundtable talks between government and opposition](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-38.jpg)
Poland, Feb. 1989: Roundtable talks between government and opposition
Слайд 40
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-39.jpg)
Слайд 41
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-40.jpg)
Слайд 42
![June 1989: Solidarity wins all but 1 seat in free elections to Polish Parliament](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-41.jpg)
June 1989: Solidarity wins all but 1 seat in free elections
to Polish Parliament
Слайд 43
![June 1989: Hungarian officials open border with Austria](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-42.jpg)
June 1989: Hungarian officials open border with Austria
Слайд 44
![Gorbachev in Berlin, October 1989](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-43.jpg)
Gorbachev in Berlin, October 1989
Слайд 45
![November 1989: the fall of the Berlin Wall, symbol of Cold War division of Europe](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-44.jpg)
November 1989: the fall of the Berlin Wall, symbol of
Cold War division of Europe
Слайд 46
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-45.jpg)
Слайд 47
![Prague, November 1989](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-46.jpg)
Слайд 48
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-47.jpg)
Слайд 49
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-48.jpg)
Слайд 50
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-49.jpg)
Слайд 51
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-50.jpg)
Слайд 52
![Bucharest, December 1989: Ceausescu’s last speech](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-51.jpg)
Bucharest, December 1989: Ceausescu’s last speech
Слайд 53
![Bucharest, December 1989](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-52.jpg)
Слайд 54
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-53.jpg)
Слайд 55
![Russian miners strike, 1989](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-54.jpg)
Russian miners strike, 1989
Слайд 56
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-55.jpg)
Слайд 57
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-56.jpg)
Слайд 58
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-57.jpg)
Слайд 59
![The second bear Two bears in one lair](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-58.jpg)
The second bear
Two bears in one lair
Слайд 60
![The plotters of August](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-59.jpg)
Слайд 61
![London, July 1991: G-7+1](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-60.jpg)
Слайд 62
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-61.jpg)
Слайд 63
![Moscow, August 1991](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-62.jpg)
Слайд 64
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-63.jpg)
Слайд 65
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-64.jpg)
Слайд 66
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-65.jpg)
Слайд 67
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-66.jpg)
Слайд 68
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-67.jpg)
Слайд 69
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-68.jpg)
Слайд 70
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-69.jpg)
Слайд 71
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-70.jpg)
Слайд 72
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-71.jpg)
Слайд 73
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-72.jpg)
Слайд 74
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-73.jpg)
Слайд 75
![After the coup, Gorbachev was rapidly losing power to Boris Yeltsin](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-74.jpg)
After the coup, Gorbachev was rapidly losing power to Boris Yeltsin
Слайд 76
![December 1991: the three men who dissolved the Soviet Union,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-75.jpg)
December 1991: the three men who dissolved the Soviet Union, left
to right: Presidents Kravchuk of Ukraine, Shushkevich of Belarus, Yeltsin of Russia
Слайд 77
![December 25, 1991: Gorbachev resigns: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=028gd8Sn3m0](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-76.jpg)
December 25, 1991: Gorbachev resigns:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=028gd8Sn3m0
Слайд 78
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-77.jpg)
Слайд 79
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-78.jpg)
Слайд 80
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-79.jpg)
Слайд 81
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-80.jpg)
Слайд 82
![http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCMin7ffz6g&feature=related](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-81.jpg)
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KCMin7ffz6g&feature=related
Слайд 83
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-82.jpg)
Слайд 84
![With daughter Irina and granddaughter Nastya](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-83.jpg)
With daughter Irina and granddaughter Nastya
Слайд 85
![March 2, 2011: Russia marks Gorbachev’s 80th birthday: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUWUUnYC0XY](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-84.jpg)
March 2, 2011: Russia marks Gorbachev’s 80th birthday: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YUWUUnYC0XY
Слайд 86
![On his 80th birthday, Gorbachev was awarded an Order of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-85.jpg)
On his 80th birthday, Gorbachev was awarded an Order of St.
Andrei – Russia’s most honourable decoration
Слайд 87
![Order of the Red Banner of Labour: Gorbachev got it at age 15](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-86.jpg)
Order of the Red Banner of Labour: Gorbachev got it at
age 15
Слайд 88
![Gorbachev, March 2, 2011: “I have never expected to live](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/606196/slide-87.jpg)
Gorbachev, March 2, 2011:
“I have never expected to live this long.
I thought that eighty years was an impossible age. Raisa and I had a plan to live till year 2000, and that’s it. Because we had already experienced so much, lived so many lives. Not just one life, not two or three, but maybe five or seven exciting lives. That is just too much for one man.”