Cellulite презентация

Cellulite
From a scientific point of view, the term “Cellulite” is incorrect, i.e. the suffix "ite" means inflammation of the fat cells, which is not the essence of this disease. Therefore, the most correct term can be considered:
liposсlerosis (fat phanerosis),
localized
hydrolipodystrophy,
gynoid lipodystrophy

Cellulite is
Changes in the structural organization of the surface layers of the subcutaneous tissue, which 95% of women in the world are affected with;
Variety of hypertrophy of adipose tissue, which is the result of a massive process of fat deposition due to imbalance between its synthesis and degradation that is followed by accumulation of water, toxic substances, changes in the vascular wall, damage to surrounding tissues.

The following factors promote cellulite development:
Lifestyle (overeating, lack of exercise, and bad habits);
Circulatory disorders (varicose veins, lymphostasis, liver disease);
Inflammatory diseases and congestion in the pelvic organs, hormonal disturbances (puberty, pregnancy, menopause, oral contraceptives);
Stress;
Race;
Genetic predisposition.

Anatomy of the skin. Subcutaneous fat.

Alpha 2 receptors (lipogenesis), beta receptors (lipolysis) ,
Lipogenesis is accomplished by synthesis in adipocytes of triglycerides from blood glucose and fatty acids, lipoproteins and chylomicron levels.
Lipolysis is carried out under the influence of triglyceride lipase, which is controlled by cAMP. The rate of lipolysis is determined by energy needs of the body, nervous and humoral influences.
Features of fat cells
Skin surface
connective-tissue fibres
fat cells congestion

Features of fat cells
In women, the number of alpha2 receptors is 6 times more in the buttocks, hips, abdomen, and inner knee.

Cellulitis Pathogenesis
TSH
glucagon
Thyroxine
ACTH
vasopressin
B-adrenergic receptors,
G - proteins
Lipogenesis (fat synthesis)
Lipolysis
(fat break down)
+
–
Phosphodiesterase
(PDE )
cAMP
adenylate cyclase
caffeine,
adrenaline, noradrenaline
a-2 adrenergic receptors,
neuropeptide Y
+
–
Insulin,
Salicylates,
RNA,
Nicotinic acid,
Catecholamines

Pathogenesis
Violation of microcirculation
Accumulation of fluid in
connective tissue of
hypoderm
Nodular sclerosis
Adipocyte hypertrophy
Adipose
(fat) cell
Capillary
Fibers of the connective tissue

Cellulite Classification
Currently, uniform classification of cellulite does not exist.
1. According to one classification cellulite is divided into two forms: nodular, where there are single or multiple sites, or nodules of soft or solid consistency; plaque, in which the nodes are merged to form large pockets with a bumpy surface, marked atrophy and depression in the center.
2. Another one divides it on adipose, swelling and fibrous forms.
3. Dieticians subdivide cellulite into the following categories:
milk type - associated with the consumption of fatty dairy products;
metabolic type - typical for people with low metabolism; leading a sedentary lifestyle;
hormonal type - typical for women who are sensitive to side effects of oral contraceptive;
hereditary type - has the most severe course.

1. Thick cellulite - in young women with active lifestyles. Cellulite manifestations do not vary depending on the position of the body.
They are often accompanied by stretch marks.
2. Soft cellulite - in the inactive women. It is accompanied by flabby muscles. It occurs in women who have lost weight dramatically. It varies depending on the position of the body, the skin is shaking at movements, it's often accompanied by varicose veins and telangiectasia.
3. Edematous cellulite - manifested in the form of increase in volume of the lower extremities. The skin is transparent, thin. There are frequent complaints concerning feeling of heaviness and pain in the legs.
4. Mixed cellulite - most common.
Cellulite Classification

Clinical Stages of Cellulite
1. Pre –cellulite stage or stage (grade) 0;
2.Primary stage or stage (grade)1 ;
3.Micronodular stage or stage (grade) 2;
4.Macronodular stage or stage (grade) 3.

Pre-cellulite Stage
Dilation of small blood vessels, stagnant blood and lymph circulation
Inadequate excretion,
Reducing the process of fat assimilation
No visible signs, but at this stage wounds do not heal, there is minor swelling, and bruises occur at the slightest bumps

Primary stage
Plasma and lymph accumulate in the spaces between clusters of adipocytes. Water leaves adipocytes
The volume of adipocytes increases
Thickening of the stromal (connective) tissues
Adipocytes leak
Fibrous tissue grows
Collagen fibers split into individual fibrils and grow solid
Microcirculation is impeded
Hypoxia, acidosis
Fibroblasts synthesize hyaluronic acid that keeps water
External signs: changes in the form of "orange peel", some pale skin in the affected areas can be seen in the capture of the skin fold

Micronodular Stage
Fat cells are paired together in "clusters“.
Vascular disorders worsen.
Loose stroma turns into rough and fibrous.
Micronodules are formed on the surface of the skin, its tone and elasticity decreases.
External signs
clearly visible effect of "orange peel" without special
manipulation;
skin of micronodular type;
noticeable swelling;
paleness and reduced skin temperature;
spider veins;
pain on deep pressure.

Macronodular Stage
Progression of circulatory disorders: venous flow is impaired, arteries are compressed
hypoxia and acidosis are exacerbated
Irritation of pain receptors in the dermis
Adipocytes increase in the volume of 3 or more times
Increase in fibrosis of connective tissue
cicatricial sclerosis, when the adipocytes form inert clusters of fat is formed.
External signs: This is a final stage and it differs from the third one by even more pronounced changes in the tissues. The nodes are clear, large, and tender. They are well palpated. There are depressions and hardening areas.

Methods of Cellulite Diagnostics
1. Anthropometric data.
2. Anode thermography.
3. Computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging
4. Doppler ultrasound
5. Two-dimensional ultrasound (B-scan)
6. Histological examination

Prevention of cellulitis
1. Proper nutrition;
2. Break bad habits;.
3. Keep exercising;
4. Clothing and footwear;
5. The art of relaxation.

Methods of Cellulite Treatment
1. Activation of beta-receptors and stimulation of lipolysis.
2. Inhibition of alpha-receptors and depression of lipogenesis.
3. Lymph drainage and stimulation of tissue fluid outflow.
4. Stimulation of peripheral blood circulation and tone improvement of the vessels of dermis and hypodermis.
5. "Breaking" the fat capsules, "loosening" of fat and fibrous fibers in hypodermis.
6. Stimulation of the muscles.
7. Increase of skin elasticity, improvement of epidermis and dermis.

Drugs for Oral Use
1. Antioxidants and vitamins for cellulite treatment: E, vitamin C, A, B5, B6, F, coenzyme Q10, carotenoids, lipoic acid and selenium.
2. Brown algae: Laminaria and Fucus, they contain iodine, restore water-saline balance and are fat-splitting ones. Algae can be used in any form.

Internal Use Preparations
Bioflavonoids:
1. Means stimulating blood circulation (ginkgo biloba extract,
centella asiatica, grape seed, hawthorn);
2. Means improving skin condition (evening primrose oil, horse chestnut);
3. Means stimulating digestion (rosemary oil, turmeric);
4. Means that release water from the body (an extract of dandelion, horsetail extract);
5. Means detoxifying the body (mate tea is a good stimulant).

External Use Preparations
1. Vegetable oil for cellulite: jojoba oil, sage, evening primrose, shea butter, wheat germ oil. Oil for cellulite treatment is better to use with a can massage.
2. Essential oils to treat cellulite: all citrus, bergamot,chamomile, ylang-ylang, all conifers. For aromatherapy mix no more than 5 essential oils. At the same time take into account the rule that the wood essential oil should be mixed with wood one, citrus with citrus, floral with floral. Rosemary can be mixed with citrus oils.
3. Preparations releasing excess fluid from the tissues: ivy, horsetail, horse chestnut, arnica, grapefruit, cranberries, and lotus.

External Use Preparations
4. Drugs splitting fats: caffeine and other xanthine derivatives, cola extract, guarana, mate tea, camphor, menthol, and pepper.
5. Algae and mud have lipolytic, lymphatic drainage, lifting effect, nourish the skin with micro- and macro-eliments and vitamins. Wraps for cellulite treatment with seaweed are extensively used by cosmetologists.
6. Honey used for cellulite treatment improves skin, removes toxins and fluid from the body. It is best to carry out manual honey massage; it gives good results in reducing the volume of the body and improving the quality of the skin.

Physical Therapeutic Methods
1. Massage;
2. Electromyostimulation;
3. Microcurrents;
4. Electrolipolysis;
5. Cavitation;
6. RF-therapy;
7. Mesotherapy and Mesodissolution;
8. Ozonetherapy;
9. Cryotherapy and cryolipolysis;
10. Hydrotherapy (showers, baths, swimming pool, and jacuzzi).

Obesity
It is a chronic recurring disease, which is accompanied by a significant increase in fat tissue.

1. Рypodinamia.
2. Dehydration.
3. Genetic factors, in particular:
Increase in activity of the enzymes of lipogenesis;
Decrease in activity of enzymes of lipolysis;
Increased consumption of digestible carbohydrates.
гипогонадизм
4. Endocrine diseases (hypogonadism, hypothyroidism, insulinoma).
5. Eating disorders (e. g, binge eating disorder), in Russian literature it's called eating disorder behaviour - psychological disorder that leads to eating disorder.
6. Tendency to stress.
7. Lack of sleep.
8. Psychotropic drugs.
Predisposing Factors of Obesity

Classification
I. Primary Obesity.
II. Secondary Obesity.

I. Primary Obesity.
1. Alimentary and constitutive (exogenous-constitutional);
Constitutional – hereditary;
2. With eating disorders (night eating syndrome, increased food intake to stress)
3. Mixed obesity

II. Secondary Obesity
1. With revealed genetic defects
2. Cerebral obesity (brain tumors, skull base trauma and the effects of surgery empty sella syndrome, skull injuries, inflammatory diseases (encephalitis, and others);
3. Endocrine obesity (pituitary, hypothyroid, menopausal, adrenal, mixed)’
4. Obesity on the background of mental diseases and / or receiving neuroleptics

Stages and Types of Obesity
Stages of Obesity
а) progressive,
б) persistent
Types of Obesity
1. "Upper" type (abdominal), in male,
2. "lower type" (gluteal-femoral), in female.

Fat Can Be Distributed:
1. In the subcutaneous adipose tissue (subcutaneous fat)
2. around internal organs (visceral fat)
Subcutaneous fat in the abdomen + abdominal visceral fat = ABDOMINAL FAT

Abdominal Fat

Body mass index
Body mass index is the value allowing to estimate the extent of human mass and his/her growth, and thus, indirectly, to assess whether a mass is insufficient, normal or excess (obesity).
The body mass index is calculated by the formula :
where:
m — body mass in kg
h — growth (stature) in m, and it is measured in kg/m2.
Body mass index was developed by the Belgian sociologist and statistician Adolphe Quetelet in 1869.

Four Degrees of Obesity:
I degree -- body weight of the patient exceeds the normal one up to 20--29%;
II degree -- body weight of the patient exceeds the normal one up to 39--49 %;
III degree -- body weight of the patient exceeds the normal one up to 59 -- 99 %;
IV degree -- body weight of the patient exceeds the normal one up to 100 % and more.

Methods of General Correction
Examination by an endocrinologistor gynecologist.
A diet with reduced fat, carbohydrates intake.
Integrated programs: purgation, drainage, detoxification prescribed by a doctor.
Physical exercises.

Liposuction - operative method of vacuum liposuction after mechanical or ultrasonic disruption.
In recent years, liposuction has evolved into the most common aesthetic surgery in the developed world. For example, about 300 thousand such operations are performed annually in the United States and in Germany - more than 60 ,000 ones. In most cases, the main goal of liposuction is to improve aesthetically unsatisfactory contour shapes. Moreover, very good results are gained by liposuction in combination with other methods of obesity treatment.
Thus, the operation "liposuction" is also strategically important. Here, of course, the removal of large amounts of adipose tissue comes to the fore, not only the correction of body contours.

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