Modern Scientific and Technical Communication презентация

Structure of the Course
Oral scientific and technical communication
Written scientific and technical communication

What is your motivation to attend these lessons?
Have you ever had any experience in written/oral scientific/technical communication?
If yes, tell us a little bit about it.

Oral vs. written communication
Aims: to inform or persuade?
Style: formal or semi-formal?
Structure?

Oral scientific and technical communication

Presentation is like a sweet

2. Form of the presentation
1. Contents of the speech

Contents of the speech
Deep ideas
Choice of information
Structure
Logics

Form of the presentation
Physical aspect:
muscular relaxation
breath
body language (gestures, postures, and movement)
articulation

Form of the presentation
Psychological aspect:
anxiety management
making contact with the audience
appropriate answers to the questions

Form of the presentation
Language aspect:
correct use of grammar structures, words and expressions, correct pronunciation etc.
rhetorical techniques

Form of the presentation
Visual aspect:
contents and design of slides

Speech anxiety (stage fright)
speaker–audience opposition
fear of rejection
excitement paralyzing fear

Ways of relaxation
breath exercises
physical exercises

Breath is the key to life

Breath exercises
Ex. 1
As you inhale, draw your shoulders and elbows back. Hold your breath for 2 sec., then exhale abruptly.

Breath exercises
Ex. 2
Inhale energetically for 4 sec., straining all your muscles. Then exhale and relax all the muscles for 4-6 sec.

Breath exercises
Ex. 3
Place a hand on your lower belly. Inhale deeply into your lower belly. Feel the hand rising as your belly fills. Don’t let your chest and shoulders rise.

Breath exercises
Ex. 4
Sit down on a chair and bend over so that your body would lie on your laps. Inhale slowly – your body will rise; exhale pronouncing “pf-f-f”.

Breath exercises
Ex. 5
Inhale into your lower belly. Puff out your cheeks. Blow the air out of your cheeks through the narrow hole in your mouth. Do it slowly and with noise.

Muscular relaxation
Ex. 1
This exercise can be done in standing, lying or sitting position. Strain every muscle of your body for 5 sec. Then relax completely for the next 5 sec.

Muscular relaxation
Ex. 2
Adopt an uncomfortable pose. Try to feel the place where there is a painful point in your body. Use only your mind to relax this muscle without changing your position.

Contents of the speech

Know your audience
Who are these people?
What do they expect from your presentation?
What do they already know?
What don’t they know yet?
What information will be useful for them? What information will be redundant?

The Pyramid Principle
Multilevel system (the lower the level, the more details it has)
Executive summary as the peak of the pyramid
Supporting arguments
Inductive reasoning
Deductive reasoning

Gandapas structure of the presentation
Introduction (20%)
Body (60%)
CLIMAX
Conclusion (20%)

Minto model + Gandapas model =
Introduction (20%)
Body (60%)
Conclusion (20%)

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Credit Requirements
12 ninety-minute lessons attended
1 prepared presentation
1 text written at home

Introduction
Self-presentation
Structure of the presentation
Question(s)
Joke
Interesting fact connected with the topic
Story connected with the topic
Expression of feelings
Compliment to the audience
Using of “in-group/out-group” principle

Conclusion
Summary of the presentation
Prospects
Question(s)
Joke
Story connected with the topic
Expression of feelings
Compliment to the audience
Using of “in-group/out-group” principle
Aphorism
Appeal

Logical Aspect of Presentation

Logos
appeal to logical reasoning ability of speakers, the message by which you attempt to reason with your audience

Logos
facts
case studies
statistics
experiments
logical reasoning
analogies

Pathos
appeal to beliefs and feelings

Ethos
the speaker’s character, credibility, and authority

Ethos
trustworthiness
expert testimony
reliable sources
fairness

Argument Structure
A premise (or premiss) of an argument is something that is put forward as a truth, but which is not proven.
A conclusion (or claim) is the statement with which you want the other person to agree.
Inferences are further statements between the conclusion and the premises which translate the premises into the conclusion.

Premises
There may be two or more premises in any argument.
If you are making an argument, you should be ready to defend any of your own premises.
If you want to attack another person's argument, you can challenge the truth of their premises.

Types of Logical Proofs
Argument from sign
Argument from induction
Argument from cause
Argument from deduction
Argument from historical, literal, or figurative analogy
Argument from definition
Argument from statistics

Argument from Sign
Certain
e.g. Fever is a sign of illness.
Probable
e.g. The growing problem of obesity in America is a sign that a growing number of Americans are eating high calorie diets ...

Argument from Induction
A large percentage of home schooled children perform above national averages on standardized tests.
Home schooled children receive a superior education.

Argument from Cause
Children are violent as a result of playing violent video games.

Argument from Deduction
Teachers want students to succeed in their studies.
Mary is a teacher.
She wants you to succeed in this class.

Argument from Analogy
e.g., if we use a comparison between Stalin and Putin to analyze current events or predict future events in Russia

Argument from Definition
The interpretation of what constitutes “life” will have a significant bearing on the treatment of embryos for the purposes of stem cell research.

Argument from Statistics
The USA should end draft registration because it costs $27.5 million dollars per year.

Types of Proof Connected with Ethos and Pathos
Argument from Authority
CLAIM: California will have an earthquake.
SUPPORT: Professors and scientists say so.
Motivational Proofs
CLAIM: You should support this candidate.
SUPPORT: This candidate can help you get job security and safe neighborhoods.
Value proofs
CLAIM: The curriculum should be multicultural.
SUPPORT: A multicultural curriculum will contribute to equality and acceptance.

Toulmin’s Argument Model
Claim
Grounds (data)
Warrant
Backing
Qualifier
Rebuttal

Toulmin’s Argument Model
Claim
You should use a hearing aid.
Grounds (data)
Over 70% of all people over 65 years have a hearing difficulty.
Warrant
A hearing aid helps most people to hear better.
Backing
Hearing aids are available locally.
Qualifier
Hearing aids help most people.
Rebuttal
There is a support desk that deals with technical problems.