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- 2. С О Д Е Р Ж А Н И Е Unit 1. Information Technology Glossary Unit
- 3. Unit 1. Information Technology Information Technology (IT) is «the study, design, development, implementation, support or management
- 4. In the United Kingdom education system, information technology was formally integrated into the school curriculum when
- 5. The growth of use of Information and Communications Technology and its tools in the field of
- 6. Other names for the latter are information services (IS) or management information services (MIS), managed service
- 7. Exercises A. Comprehension Answer these questions: What does IT deal with? How has the term been
- 8. Give Russian equivalents of the following expressions: software hardware store application digital encompass explicitly convert implementation
- 9. Translate these words and word combinations into English: разработка ввод в эксплуатацию преобразовывать аппаратура оборудование хранить
- 10. Find synonyms of the following expressions among the words and word combinations of the previous exercises:
- 11. carrying out, execution, realization, operation; department; office; section; whole, full, complete; work out, invent, develop, create,
- 12. Unit 3. Computer It was probably the worst prediction in history. Back in the 1940s, Thomas
- 13. A computer is an electronic machine that processes information – in often words, an information processor:
- 14. She puts this in an envelope addressed to the person who sent her the original problem
- 15. As for output, your computer almost certainly has a screen and probably also stereo loudspeakers. You
- 17. Artwork caption: A computer works by combining input, storage, processing, and output. All the main parts
- 18. Suppose you`re looking at a digital photo you just taken in a paint or photo-editing program
- 19. What makes a computer different from a calculator is that it can work all by itself.
- 21. Today, most computer users buy, download, or share programs like Microsoft Word and Excel. Hardly anyone
- 22. makes it flexible. That computers can do so many different of us can no longer live
- 23. Exercises A. Comprehension Answer these questions: What is a computer? what comparison of a computer is
- 24. B. Vocabulary Give Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions: raw information rise flexible screen
- 25. Translate these words and word combinations into English: Содержание
- 26. Find synonyms of the following expressions among the words and word combinations of the previous exercises:
- 27. adaptable, variable, compliant; just, fair-minded, rational; systematic, methodical, organized; enduring, lasting, eternal, stable. Содержание
- 28. Unit 4. Types of Computers The types computers rang from the Hybrid to the Analog types.
- 29. Analog Computers: The Analog computer is almost an extinct type of computer these days. It is
- 30. results. But the problem is that they are too slow and incapable of large scale mathematical
- 31. 2. The Microsoft – These are the most frequently used computers better known by the name
- 33. A desktop is a PC that is not designed for portability. The expectation with desktop systems
- 34. A tablet PC is a notebook or slate-shaped mobile computer, first introduced by Pen Computing in
- 35. 3. The Mini computer – Mini computers like the mainframe computers are used by business organization.
- 36. Exercises A. Comprehension Answer these questions: Which types of computers are there in terms of the
- 37. B. Vocabulary Give English-Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions: Tower; suggest; robotics; frequently; tablet;
- 38. Choose the most suitable words from those given in brackets without consulting the text. Translate the
- 39. The Super Computer is somewhat similar to mainframe computers and is used in economic (forecasts, surveys).
- 41. in respect that, taking into account/consideration, in view of, in lieu of, with regard to; simultaneously,
- 42. Unit 7. Computer Hardware Computer hardware is the physical part of a computer, including its digital
- 43. Most computer hardware is not seen by normal users. It is in embedded systems in automobiles,
- 45. The CPU (Central Processing Unit) is the `brain` of the computer. It`s typical a square ceramic
- 46. Dual Core Some of the new processors made by Intel and AMD are Dual core. The
- 47. Hyper Threading Hyper threading is a technology that uses one core but adds a virtual processor
- 48. The Mini-ITX is much different in important ways unlike its relatives the Micro-ATX and the Flex-ATX.
- 49. Power Supply All computers have some sort of power supply. This converts the supply voltage (AC
- 50. again without fear of data loss or electrical problems. The power supply also has an exhaust
- 51. Motherboard The Motherboard (also called Mainboard) is a large, thin, flat, rectangular fiberglass board (typically green)
- 52. RAM Random Access Memory (RAM) is a memory that the microprocessor uses to store data during
- 53. Every graphic card carries a graphic chip (GPU) and very fast DDR RAM for textures and
- 54. An integrated circuit fitted onto the motherboard itself, called a planar device in the PCI specification.
- 55. ISA Cards Industry Standard Architecture (ISA) cards were the original PC extension card. Originally running on
- 56. Flash memory is also immune to magnetic fields. Sometimes one can distinguish between «fixed media» (the
- 57. 5.25» Floppy Disk: This disk was introduced some time later, and was used extensively in the
- 58. CD-ROM Drive Compact Disk Read Only Memory (CD-ROM) is a standard format for storing a variety
- 59. CD=RW (Compact disc rewritable) discs can be rewritten or erased multiple times. This is a two-pass
- 60. Many CD writers (also known as `burners`) are now combination drives which also function as DVD-ROM
- 61. DVD-RW Drive DVD`s hold about 4.7 gigabytes and dual-layer disks hold 8.4 gigabytes (dual layer equipment
- 62. For both reading and writing data to and from a Blu-ray disc BD Writer is used.
- 63. USB Flash Drive Memory sticks or Flash drives are solid-state NAND flash chips packaged to provide
- 64. Exercises A. Comprehension Define the `computer hardware`. Answer these questions: What parts does a typical personal
- 65. How is power supplied to a computer? What is an exhaust fan that is responsible for?
- 66. Complete the sentences with the following expressions.
- 67. … performs most of the calculations which enable a computer to function, sometimes referred to as
- 68. … is a device used for both reading and writing data to and from a CD.
- 69. … is an outdated storage device consisting of a thin disk of a flexible magnetic storage
- 70. B. Vocabulary Give Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions: fan, case, connector, socket, coil,
- 71. Find the word belonging to the given synonymic group among the words and word combinations from
- 72. disapproval, disapprobation, blame; see0through, visible, translucent, clear as crystal; shine, glimmer, flush, flame; path, track, way;
- 73. Translate the words/expressions into English: разъем, гнездо; вытеснять; неровный, шероховатый; скопление, связка; устанавливать; монтировать, собирать; гиперпотоковость;
- 74. Unit 8. Computer Software Computer software is a general term used to describe a collection of
- 75. Computer software is so called to contrast with computer hardware, which encompasses the physical interconnections and
- 76. representation of a machine language using a natural language alphabet. Assembly language must be assembled into
- 77. Types Practical computer systems divide software systems into three major classes: system software, programming software and
- 78. Programming software usually provides tools to assist a programmer in writing computer programs and software using
- 79. Program and Library A program may not be sufficiently complete for execution by a computer. In
- 80. Three Layers Stating in the 1980 s, application software has been sold in massproduced packages through
- 81. Platform Software Platform includes the firmware, device drivers, an operating system, and typically a graphical user
- 82. platforms. Most users think of compilers, databases, and other «system software» as application. User-Written Software User
- 83. Operation Computer software has to be «loaded» into the computer`s storage (such as a hard drive,
- 84. Data movement is typically from one place in memory to another. Sometimes it involves moving data
- 85. such that different sets of instructions execute depending on the value(s) of some data. In some
- 86. intermediate storage area known as a `clipboard` data area. If a different menu entry such as
- 87. Currently, almost the only limitation on the use of computer software in application is the ingenuity
- 88. Exercises A. Comprehension Define the term `computer software`. Answer these questions: Who was the term first
- 89. 3. Say which of the following statements are true or false. Correct the false ones. Computer
- 90. Programming software allows end users to accomplish one or more specific (non-computer related) tasks. Libraries may
- 91. Iterative instructions are those operations that are performed one after another. Conditional instructions are performed such
- 92. C. Vocabulary Give Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions: suite; routine; clipboard; ingenuity; middleware;
- 93. insert, attach, fix, stick; set, group, collection; supplied complete/as complete (with), furnish (with), deliver factory-assembled; vendor,
- 94. Translate the words/expressions into English: предшествовать; произвольный, случайный; розничный торговец; многократно; связующее ПО; отделять; подпрограмма; автономный;
- 95. Unit 9. Operating System An operating system (commonly abbreviated as OS and O/S) is the software
- 96. Operating systems offer a number of services to application programs and users. Applications access these services
- 97. Common contemporary operating systems include Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, Linux and Solaris. Microsoft Windows has
- 98. Boot-Strapping In most cases, the operating system is not the first code to run on the
- 99. Program Execution An operating system`s most basic function is ti support the running of programs by
- 100. Executing a program involves the creation of a process by the operating system. The kernel creates
- 101. The filename and/or path from which the program was loaded; A register file, containing the last
- 102. When an interrupt is received, the computer`s hardware automatically suspends whatever program is currently running by
- 103. with this event, generally by running some processing code, or ignoring it. The processing of hardware
- 104. Protected Mode and Supervisor Mode Modern CPUs support something called dual mode operation. CPUs with this
- 105. that mode, providing things like virtual memory addressing and limiting access to hardware in a manner
- 106. In protected mode, programs may have access to a more limited set of the CPU`s instructions.
- 107. Exercises A. Comprehension Define the term `operating system`. Answer these questions: What are the purposes of
- 108. Where is various information about running processes stored? What does it include? What is interrupt-based programming
- 109. B. Vocabulary 4. Give English-Russian equivalents of the following words and expressions: current state; драйвер устройства;
- 110. 5. Find the word belonging to the given synonymic group among the words and word combinations
- 111. meter, measuring instrument, measuring device, gauge, indicator; load(ing), utilization, charge, roll-in, swap-in; postpone, delay, put back,
- 112. Unit 17. Internet The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that interchange data
- 113. Visualization of the various routes through a portion if the Internet
- 114. The Internet carries various information resources and services, such as electronic mail, online chat, file transfer
- 115. The responsibility for the architectural design of the Internet software systems has been delegated to the
- 116. methods into a layered system of protocols (RFC 1122, RFC 1123). The layers correspond to the
- 117. The most prominent component of the Internet model is the Internet Protocol (IP) which provides addressing
- 118. IPv6 is not interoperable with IPv4. It essentially establishes a «parallel» version of the Internet not
- 119. Similar to the way the commercial Internet providers connect via Internet exchange points, research networks tend
- 120. Internet Access Common methods of home access include dial-up, landline broad-band (over coaxial cable, fiber optic
- 121. Wi-Fi provides wireless access to computer networks, and therefore can do so to the Internet itself.
- 122. Apart form Wi-Fi, there have been experiments with proprietary mobile wireless networks like Ricochet, various high-speed
- 123. Terminology The terms «Internet» and «World Wide Web» are often used in every-day speech without much
- 124. and other machines that store originals, and cached copies of these resources too deliver them as
- 125. video, multimedia and interactive content including games, office applications and scientific demonstrations. Through keyword-driven Internet research
- 126. maintaining large, professional websites full of attractive, diverse and up-to-data information is still a difficult and
- 127. Collections of personal web pages published by large service providers remain popular, and have become increasingly
- 128. In the early days web pages were usually created as sets of complete and isolated HTML
- 129. Complex Architecture Many computer scientists see the Internet as a «prime example of a large-scale, highly
- 130. Exercises A. Comprehension Answer these questions: 1) What does the Internet consist of? 2)How is the
- 131. B. Vocabulary 3. Give Russian equivalents of the following words and expression: Hyperlink; dial-up connection; landline;
- 132. profitable, worthwhile, opaque, beneficial, lucrative, productive; basic, entity, foundation, base, grassroots, framework; precise, painstaking, trite, exact,
- 133. 5. Translate the words/expressions into English: наземная линия связи; разнообразный; передвигаться, двигаться; строгий, точный; содействовать, стимулировать;
- 134. GLOSSARY UNIT 1 implementation – 1) реализация, внедрение, ввод в действие, ввод в эксплуатацию; 2) разработка
- 135. retrieve – отыскивать, извлекать securely – 1) в безопасности, безопасно; 2) на- дежно, не рискуя, без
- 136. UNIT 2 fair – порядочный, честный, справедливый rise (rose; risen) – увеличиваться в объеме, воз- растать
- 137. spit (spat) – выдавать, выкладывать input – ввод, вход; вводить; входной (в частнос- ти, данные, вводимые
- 138. solution – решение, разрешение (вопроса и т.п.); разъяснение scribble – писать быстро и небрежно hard-drive (hard
- 139. edit – редактировать, создавать, добавлять, изменять (текстовый документ, графический или мультимедийный объект) orderly – систематическая, упорядоченный,
- 140. UNIT 3 come across – (случайно) встретиться с кем-л., натолкнуться на что-л. laptop – небольшой портативный
- 141. tower – башня, вертикальный корпус, одна из модификаций корпуса ПК, предназначенная для установки компьютера на пол,
- 142. suggest – внушать, вызывать; подсказывать (мысль); намекать; наводить на мысль; говорить о, означать binary digit –
- 143. frequently – зачастую, часто handheld PC (HPC) – карманный компьютер, компьютер, на котором исполняется операционная система
- 144. UNIT 4 erase – стирать, удалять, уничтожать например, файлы на диске case – корпус, блок, каркас
- 145. heat sink – радиатор-теплосъемник, теплоот- вод(применяется для предотвращения перегрева мощных ИС (микропроцессоров и др.)) fan –
- 146. multithreaded application – многопоточное приложение Hyper(-) Threading (HT) – гиперпотоковость (название новой технологии, реализованной в процессоре
- 147. in-between – переходный, промежуточный mount - устанавливать; монтировать, соби- рать mainboard – то же, что motherboard
- 148. connector – соединитель, разъем, коннектор, элемент, обеспечивающий неразъемное соединение проводников медного кабеля с электрическими контактами planar
- 149. floppy disk drive – флоппи-дисковод, дисковод для гибких дисков supersede – 1) заменять; замещать, смещать; 2)
- 150. UNIT 5 middleware – межплатформ(ен)ное ПО, связу- ющее ПО (ПО,обеспечивающее прозрачную ра- боту приложений в неоднородной
- 151. stand-alone – автономный routine – подпрограмма (в программировании – одно из базовых понятий, означающих функциональный блок
- 152. tailor – 1) разрабатывать, проектировать; 2) адаптировать, приспосабливать template – шаблон, трафарет (в НИС – шаб-
- 153. UNIT 6 host – хост (общий термин, описывающий неч- то, содержащее ресурс и предоставляющее к нему
- 154. boot (от bootstrap) – (начальная) загрузка (процессор подготовки компьютера к работе после включение питания (ранее, когда
- 155. interrupt (=INT) – прерывание (механизм, позволяющий процессору реагировать на события внешнего мира или особые программные состояния.
- 156. current state –текущее состояние trigger – запускать, инициировать relay – передавать, ретранслировать device driver – драйвер
- 157. attempt – попытка, проба; опыт cause – быть причиной, вызывать, пробуждать, причинять Linux (Linus Unix) –
- 158. UNIT 7 rigorous – жесткий, строгий, точный hyperlink – гиперссылка, гиперсвязь, гипертексто- вая связь dial-up connection
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