Содержание
- 2. Plan The subject of the History of the English Language. PIE and Indo-European languages. PG and
- 3. Literature Расторгуева Т.А. История английского языка. – М.: Астрель, 2005. – С. 34-71. Ильиш Б.А. История
- 4. Why should we learn the History of the English language? In studying the English language today,
- 5. There are approximately 7000 languages in the world. Languages can be classified according to different principles.
- 7. Indo-European family has 12 important branches: Indian, Iranian, Baltic, Slavonic, Germanic, Romanic, Celtic, Greek, Albanian, Armenian,
- 8. Common Germanic branch later split up into three groups: North Germanic, represented only by Old Norse,
- 10. In the 5th c. AD some of the Germanic tribes which lived on the northern coast
- 12. The English scholar Henry Sweet (1845-1912), author of a number of works on the English language
- 13. The Seven Kingdoms of the Heptarchy [ʹhepta:kı] Germanic tribes formed in Britain seven kingdoms: the Jutes
- 14. OLD ENGLISH DIALECTS The language is represented by four dialects: Northumbrian, Mercian, Kentish and West-Saxon. Most
- 15. Each of the periods may be characterized by specific features in different aspects of the language:
- 16. Word Stress in PG Due to the force of articulation the stressed and unstressed syllables underwent
- 17. PIE CONSONANT SYSTEM
- 18. PG CONSONANT SYSTEM
- 20. Jacob Grimm (1785 – 1863)
- 21. Jacob Grimm and Wilhelm Grimm
- 22. The changes of consonants in PG were first formulated in terms of a phonetic law by
- 23. The First Consonant Shift (Grimm’s Law, PG Consonant Shift)
- 24. Exceptions A PIE voiceless plosive followed the voiceless fricative [s]: Lat. stella → Eng. star, Rus.
- 25. Rus. ты – OE þu Lat. altus → OE ald Lat. cord – Goth. hairto Gr.
- 26. When Grimm's law was discovered, a strange irregularity was spotted in its operation. The PIE voiceless
- 27. Carl Verner (1787 – 1832) Karl Verner, a Danish scholar, noticed that a great number of
- 28. Verner’s law explains regular correspondences of consonants which seemed to contradict Grimm’s law were for a
- 29. Voicing of fricatives in PG (Verner’s Law)
- 30. Lat. pater – Eng. father Grimm’s Law p > f Verner’s Law t > ð ???
- 31. PIE Early PG Late PG *pa t́er → *fa θ́ar → *fa ð́ar → ́faðar Grimm’s
- 32. Verner’s law accounts for the appearance of the voiced fricative [р] or its later modifications [d]
- 33. As a result of voicing by Verner’s Law there appeared an interchange of consonants in the
- 34. PIE VOWEL SYSTEM
- 35. PG VOWEL SYSTEM
- 36. The Common Germanic Vowelshift (1 BC – 1 AD) PIE PG a → a o PIE
- 37. These changes are important for us to know because they explain the difference between the words
- 38. The Germanic fracture (breaking/mutation) PIE PG e → i i/j, nas.+ cons. e PIE PG u
- 39. PG VOWEL SYSTEM
- 40. The Noun
- 41. Most nouns and adjectives in PG, and also many verbs, had stem-forming suffixes. According to stem
- 42. The Adjective The Adjective agreed with the Noun in PG as in other IE languages, e.g.
- 43. The Verb .The majority of the verbs in PG and in the OG languages fall into
- 44. STRONG AND WEAK VERBS The strong verbs built their basic forms with the help of root
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