- Bone Classification
Содержание
- 2. BONE CLASSIFICATION Bone Classification: Long Bones Short Bones Sesamoid Bones Flat Bones Irregular Bones Wormian Bones
- 3. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Long bones Typically longer than wide Have a shaft with heads
- 4. Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Short bones Generally cube-shape Contain mostly spongy bone Examples: Carpals, tarsals
- 5. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.4c Figure 5.1
- 6. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Flat bones Thin and flattened Usually curved Thin layers of compact
- 7. Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Irregular bones Irregular shape Do not fit into other bone classification
- 8. Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Slide 5.5c Figure 5.1
- 9. PARTS OF A LONG BONE Epiphysis Distal Proximal Diaphysis Metaphysis Compact bone Spongy bone Articular cartilage
- 10. MICROSCOPIC STRUCTURE Bone cells are called osteocytes in a lacuna Osteocytes transport nutrients and wastes by
- 11. COMPACT BONE Osteon Haversian System Central canal Perforating canal Volkmann’s canal Osteocytes Lamellae Lacunae Bone matrix
- 12. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.10b Figure 5.3
- 13. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.11a Lacunae Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes) Arranged in concentric rings
- 14. Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.11b Canaliculi Tiny canals Radiate from the central canal to lacunae
- 15. BONE DEVELOPMENT AND GROWTH Parts of the skeletal system begin to develop during the first few
- 16. INTRAMEMBRANOUS BONES Intramembranous Bones These bones originate within sheetlike layers of connective tissues They are the
- 17. ENDOCHONDRAL BONES Endochondral Bones Bones begin as hyaline cartilage Form models for future bones These are
- 18. ENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION Hyaline cartilage model Primary ossification center Secondary ossification centers Epiphyseal plate Osteoblasts vs. osteoclasts
- 19. BONE FUNCTION Bones shape, support, and protect body structures
- 20. SUPPORT, PROTECTION, AND MOVEMENT Support, Movement & Protection Gives shape to head, etc. Supports body’s weight
- 21. BLOOD CELL FORMATION Blood Cell Formation Also known as hematopoiesis Occurs in the red bone marrow
- 22. INORGANIC SALT STORAGE Inorganic Salt Storage Calcium Phosphate Magnesium Sodium Potassium
- 23. SKELETAL ORGANIZATION The actual number of bones in the human skeleton varies from person to person
- 24. DIVISIONS OF THE SKELETON Axial Skeleton Skull Spine Rib cage Appendicular Skeleton Upper limbs Lower limbs
- 25. SKULL Is composed of the cranium (brain case) and the facial bones
- 26. CRANIUM Sphenoid Bone (1) Base of cranium Sides of skull Floors and sides of orbits Sella
- 27. CRANIUM Ethmoid Bone (1) Roof and walls of nasal cavity Floor of cranium Wall of orbits
- 28. FACIAL SKELETON Maxillary Bones (2) Upper jaw Anterior roof of mouth Floors of orbits Sides of
- 29. FACIAL SKELETON Frontal sinus Ethmoidal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Maxillary sinus
- 30. FACIAL SKELETON Palatine Bones (2) ‘L’ shaped bones located behind the maxillae Posterior section of hard
- 31. FACIAL SKELETON Zygomatic Bones (2) Prominences of cheeks Lateral walls of orbits Floors of orbits Temporal
- 32. FACIAL SKELETON Lacrimal Bones (2) Medial walls of orbits Groove from orbit to nasal cavity Nasal
- 33. FACIAL SKELETON Vomer Bone (1) Inferior portion of nasal septum Coronal suture Frontal bone Nasal bone
- 34. FACIAL SKELETON Inferior Nasal Conchae (2) Extend from lateral walls of nasal cavity Coronal suture Frontal
- 35. FACIAL SKELETON Mandible Bone (1) Lower jaw Body Ramus Mandibular condyle Coronoid process Alveolar process Mandibular
- 36. VERTEBRAL COLUMN The vertebral column, or spinal column, consists of many vertebrae separated by cartilaginous intervertebral
- 37. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical vertebrae (7) Thoracic vertebrae (12) Lumbar vertebrae (5) Sacral (4-5 fused segments) Sacrum
- 38. VERTEBRAL COLUMN Cervical curvature Thoracic curvature Lumbar curvature Sacral curvature Rib facets Vertebral prominens Intervertebral discs
- 39. TYPICAL VERTEBRAE Includes the following parts: Vertebral body Pedicles Lamina Spinous process Transverse processes Vertebral foramen
- 40. CERVICAL VERTEBRAE Atlas – 1st; supports head Axis – 2nd; dens pivots to turn head Transverse
- 41. THORACIC VERTEBRAE Body Superior articular process Spinous process Transverse process Inferior articular process Intervertebral disc Anterior
- 42. LUMBAR VERTEBRAE Large bodies Thick, short spinous processes (c) Lumbar vertebra Lamina Pedicle Body Vertebral foramen
- 43. SACRUM 4-5 fused segments Median sacral crest Posterior sacral foramina Posterior wall of pelvic cavity Sacral
- 44. COCCYX 3-4 fused segments Sacral canal Tubercle of median sacral crest Auricular surface Posterior sacral foramen
- 45. THORACIC CAGE The thoracic cage includes the ribs, the thoracic vertebrae, the sternum, and the costal
- 46. THORACIC CAGE Ribs (12) Sternum Thoracic vertebrae (12) Costal cartilages Supports shoulder girdle and upper limbs
- 47. RIBS Humans have 12 pairs of ribs: True ribs (7) False ribs (5), of which: Floating
- 48. RIB STRUCTURE Shaft Head – posterior end; articulates with vertebrae Tubercle – articulates with vertebrae Costal
- 49. STERNUM Three (3) parts of the sternum: Manubrium Body Xiphoid process 1 2 3 4 5
- 50. PECTORAL GIRDLE Also known as the shoulder girdle Clavicles Scapulae Supports upper limbs True shoulder joint
- 51. CLAVICLES Articulate with manubrium Articulate with scapulae (acromion process) A-C joint Sternum Costal cartilage Rib Scapula
- 52. Acromion process Coracoid process Spine Glenoid cavity Suprascapular notch Superior border Supra- glenoid tubercle Infra- glenoid
- 53. UPPER LIMB Humerus Radius Ulna (Interosseous membrane) Carpals Metacarpals Phalanges Olecranon process Head of radius Neck
- 54. HUMERUS Head Greater tubercle Lesser tubercle Anatomical neck Surgical neck Deltoid tuberosity Capitulum Trochlea Coronoid fossa
- 55. RADIUS Lateral forearm bone Head Radial tuberosity Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch of radius Styloid
- 56. ULNA Medial forearm bone Trochlear notch Olecranon process Coronoid process Styloid process Styloid process Ulnar notch
- 57. WRIST AND HAND Carpal Bones (16 total bones) Scaphoid Lunate Triquetral Pisiform Hamate Capitate Trapezoid Trapezium
- 58. PELVIC GIRDLE Coxal Bones (2) Supports trunk of body Protects viscera Forms pelvic cavity Sacrum Sacral
- 59. HIP BONES Also known as the coxae: Acetabulum There are three (3) bones: 1. Ilium Iliac
- 60. GREATER AND LESSER PELVES Greater Pelvis Lumbar vertebrae posteriorly Iliac bones laterally Abdominal wall anteriorly Lesser
- 61. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MALE FEMALE PELVES Female pelvis Iliac bones more flared Broader hips Pubic arch angle
- 62. LOWER LIMB Femur Patella Tibia Fibula Tarsals Metatarsals Phalanges Metatarsals Fibula Tibia T ibia Patella Femur
- 63. FEMUR Longest bone of body Head Fovea capitis Neck Greater trochanter Lesser trochanter Linea aspera Condyles
- 64. PATELLA Anterior surface of the knee joint Flat sesamoid bone located in the quadriceps tendon Metatarsals
- 65. TIBIA Medial to fibula Condyles Tibial tuberosity Makes the medial malleolus Tibia Fibula Medial malleolus Tibial
- 66. FIBULA Lateral to tibia Long, slender Head Makes the lateral malleolus Non-weight bearing Tibia Fibula Medial
- 67. FOOT Tarsal Bones (14) Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral (3rd) cuneiform Intermediate (2nd) cuneiform Medial (1st)
- 68. FOOT Calcaneus Talus Navicular Cuboid Lateral cuneiform Intermediate cuneiform Medial cuneiform Proximal phalanx Middle phalanx Distal
- 69. LIFESPAN CHANGES Decrease in height at about age 30 Calcium levels fall Bones become brittle Osteoclasts
- 70. Joints Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulations of bones
- 71. Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 Synarthroses – immovable joints Amphiarthroses – slightly moveable joints Diarthroses
- 72. Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
- 73. Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue – synarthrosis or largely immovable.
- 74. Cartilaginous Joints – mostly amphiarthrosis Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin
- 75. Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulating bones
- 76. Features of Synovial Joints- Diarthroses Articular cartilage (hyaline cartilage) covers the ends of bones Joint surfaces
- 77. Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as
- 78. The Synovial Joint Slide 5.51 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings Figure
- 79. Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Slide 5.52a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing
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