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![Definitions of Hosts Many parasites have more than one host](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-1.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Many parasites have more than one host in their
life cycle. These hosts have different roles and are given specific names.
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![Definitions of Hosts Definitive host – a host in which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-2.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Definitive host – a host in which the parasite
reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction.
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![Definitions of Hosts Definitive host – a host in which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-3.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Definitive host – a host in which the parasite
reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction.
Intermediate – a host in which the parasite undergoes larval development but does not reach sexual maturity.
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![Definitions of Hosts Definitive host – a host in which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-4.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Definitive host – a host in which the parasite
reaches sexual maturity and undergoes reproduction.
Intermediate – a host in which the parasite undergoes larval development but does not reach sexual maturity.
Paratenic host (Transport host) – a host in which a parasite survives without undergoing further development. A paratenic host accumulates and maintains stages of a parasite, and although beneficial, is not essential to the life cycle.
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![Definitions of Hosts Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-5.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate (such as
wind, water, or arthropod) that transmits an infectious organism.
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![Definitions of Hosts Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-6.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate (such as
wind, water, or arthropod) that transmits an infectious organism.
Biological Vector- a vector in which a parasite lives or develops. The parasite undergoes morphologic change and/or multiplication, and the vector is usually essential for the life cycle.
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![Definitions of Hosts Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-7.jpg)
Definitions of Hosts
Vector- any agent, either animate or inanimate (such as
wind, water, or arthropod) that transmits an infectious organism.
Biological Vector- a vector in which a parasite lives or develops. The parasite undergoes morphologic change and/or multiplication, and the vector is usually essential for the life cycle.
Mechanical Vector- a vector which transmits a parasite by mechanical means only. It may be living or non-living and is not essential for the parasite’s life cycle.
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![Outline Monogenea: Direct Life Cycles and Autoinfection (Complex or Simple?)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-8.jpg)
Outline
Monogenea: Direct Life Cycles and Autoinfection (Complex or Simple?)
Trematoda (Digenea): Complex
Life Cycles
Difficulty of Solving Life Cycles Example Cestodes (Tapeworms)
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![Platyhelminthes](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-9.jpg)
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![Phylum Platyhelminthes Class Trematoda Subclass Digenea Class Cestoidea Class Monogenea](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-10.jpg)
Phylum Platyhelminthes
Class Trematoda
Subclass Digenea
Class Cestoidea
Class Monogenea
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![Class Monogenea: Most ecto-parasites of fish. Some endo-parasites of urinary](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-11.jpg)
Class Monogenea:
Most ecto-parasites of fish.
Some endo-parasites of urinary bladder and mouth
of amphibians and reptiles.
Body covered by tegument.
Posterior hooks with opisthaptor (haptor).
Direct life cycle with single host.
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![Opisthaptor (Haptor) Ciliated larva](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-12.jpg)
Opisthaptor (Haptor)
Ciliated larva
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-13.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-14.jpg)
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![Life cycle of Ecto parasitic monogenean](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-15.jpg)
Life cycle of Ecto parasitic monogenean
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![Gyrodactylus sp.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-16.jpg)
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![Adult worms contain several generations of embryos boxed one inside](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-17.jpg)
Adult worms contain several generations of embryos boxed one inside another
and are often referred to as "Russian Dolls".
Each parasite gives birth to a fully grown worm which attaches to the host alongside its parent and this can lead to exponential population growth.
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![The embryo is separated from the parental by a metabolically-active](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-18.jpg)
The embryo is separated from the parental by a metabolically-active uterus
lining, which appears to form a "placental-type" role. The F2 embryo (not shown) derives its nutrients directly from the F1 embryo.
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![Gyrodactylus The reproductive biology of Gyrodactylus is further complicated as](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-19.jpg)
Gyrodactylus
The reproductive biology of Gyrodactylus is further complicated as different
modes of reproduction (asexual, parthenogenesis and sexual) may be involved in the life cycle of an individual worm.
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-20.jpg)
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![Gyrodactylus sp.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-21.jpg)
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![Diplozoon paradoxum](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-22.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-23.jpg)
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![Polystoma nearcticum Life cycle of Endo parasitic monogenean](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-24.jpg)
Polystoma nearcticum
Life cycle of Endo parasitic monogenean
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![Polystoma nearcticum](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-25.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-26.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-27.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-28.jpg)
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![Spadefoot toad](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-29.jpg)
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![Tadpole of Spadefoot toad](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-30.jpg)
Tadpole of Spadefoot toad
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![Tadpoles of Spadefoot Toads](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-31.jpg)
Tadpoles of Spadefoot Toads
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![Temporal adaptation Spadefoot toads are parasitized by a Monogenean Pseudodiplorchis americanus](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-32.jpg)
Temporal adaptation
Spadefoot toads
are parasitized by
a Monogenean
Pseudodiplorchis americanus
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![Pseudodiplorchis americanus Polystoma nearcticum](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-33.jpg)
Pseudodiplorchis americanus
Polystoma nearcticum
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![Pseudodiplorchis americanus](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-34.jpg)
Pseudodiplorchis americanus
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![Pseudodiplorchis americanus](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-35.jpg)
Pseudodiplorchis americanus
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![Pseudodiplorchis americanus](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-36.jpg)
Pseudodiplorchis americanus
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-37.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-38.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-39.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-40.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-41.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-42.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-43.jpg)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-44.jpg)
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![Autoinfection](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/10598/slide-45.jpg)