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- 2. Comparing RNA and DNA DNA can replicate itself precisely and contain information in the specific sequence
- 3. Messenger RNA mRNA carries the message. The linear amino acid sequence (primary) is encoded in the
- 4. Basic Principles of Transcription and Translation RNA is the intermediate between genes and the proteins for
- 5. Fig. 17-2 RESULTS EXPERIMENT CONCLUSION Growth: Wild-type cells growing and dividing No growth: Mutant cells cannot
- 6. In prokaryotes, mRNA produced by transcription is immediately translated without more processing In a eukaryotic cell,
- 7. TRANSCRIPTION TRANSLATION DNA mRNA Ribosome Polypeptide (a) Bacterial cell Nuclear envelope TRANSCRIPTION RNA PROCESSING Pre-mRNA DNA
- 8. The Genetic Code The genetic code is the same for all organisms (universal) A codon is
- 9. (a) Tobacco plant expressing a firefly gene (b) Pig expressing a jellyfish gene
- 10. Key Words and definitions Transcription describes the synthesis of RNA on a DNA template Translation is
- 11. RNA Polymerase Binding and Initiation of Transcription Promoters signal the initiation of RNA synthesis Transcription factors
- 12. Promoters, terminators and start point
- 13. A eukaryotic promoter includes a TATA box 3 1 2 3 Promoter TATA box Start point
- 14. Only one strand of DNA is transcribed
- 15. Sense and antisense strands
- 17. Promoter Transcription unit Start point DNA RNA polymerase 5 5 3 3 Initiation 1 2 3
- 18. Protein-coding segment Polyadenylation signal 3 3 UTR 5 UTR 5 5 Cap Start codon Stop codon
- 20. Split Genes and RNA Splicing Most eukaryotic genes and their RNA transcripts have long noncoding stretches
- 21. Pre-mRNA mRNA Coding segment Introns cut out and exons spliced together 5 Cap Exon Intron 5
- 22. In some cases, RNA splicing is carried out by spliceosomes Spliceosomes consist of a variety of
- 23. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Exon 1 Exon 2 Intron Protein snRNA snRNPs Other proteins 5
- 24. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Exon 1 Exon 2 Intron Protein snRNA snRNPs Other proteins 5 5 Spliceosome
- 25. RNA transcript (pre-mRNA) Exon 1 Exon 2 Intron Protein snRNA snRNPs Other proteins 5 5 Spliceosome
- 26. Ribozymes Ribozymes are catalytic RNA molecules that function as enzymes and can splice RNA The discovery
- 27. Three properties of RNA enable it to function as an enzyme It can form a three-dimensional
- 28. The Functional and Evolutionary Importance of Introns Some genes can encode more than one kind of
- 29. Proteins often have a modular architecture consisting of discrete regions called domains In many cases, different
- 30. Fig. 17-12 Gene DNA Exon 1 Exon 2 Exon 3 Intron Intron Transcription RNA processing Translation
- 31. tRNA
- 33. Aminoacyl-tRNA The aminoacyl-tRNA synthase adds the correct amino acid to the corresponding tRNA.
- 34. Fig. 17-15-4 Amino acid Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase (enzyme) ATP Adenosine P P P Adenosine P P P
- 37. Ribosomal RNA Ribosomal RNA: contributes to the structure of Ribosomes. In eukaryotes rRNA is transcribed exclusively
- 38. Ribosomes
- 40. In Prokaryotes
- 41. Fig. 17-16a Growing polypeptide Exit tunnel tRNA molecules Large subunit Small subunit (a) Computer model of
- 42. Fig. 17-16b P site (Peptidyl-tRNA binding site) A site (Aminoacyl- tRNA binding site) E site (Exit
- 43. A ribosome has three binding sites for tRNA: The P site holds the tRNA that carries
- 44. Ribosome Association and Initiation of Translation The initiation stage of translation brings together mRNA, a tRNA
- 45. Fig. 17-17 3′ 3′ 5′ 5′ U U A A C G Met GTP GDP Initiator
- 46. Elongation of the Polypeptide Chain During the elongation stage, amino acids are added one by one
- 47. Amino end of polypeptide mRNA 5′ 3′ E P site A site
- 48. Amino end of polypeptide mRNA 5′ 3′ E P site A site GTP GDP E P
- 49. Fig. 17-18-3 Amino end of polypeptide mRNA 5′ 3′ E P site A site GTP GDP
- 50. Fig. 17-18-4 Amino end of polypeptide mRNA 5′ 3′ E P site A site GTP GDP
- 51. Termination of Translation Termination occurs when a stop codon in the mRNA reaches the A site
- 52. Fig. 17-19-1 Release factor 3′ 5′ Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA)
- 53. Fig. 17-19-2 Release factor 3′ 5′ Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) 5′ 3′ 2 Free
- 54. Fig. 17-19-3 Release factor 3′ 5′ Stop codon (UAG, UAA, or UGA) 5′ 3′ 2 Free
- 55. Completing and Targeting the Functional Protein Often translation is not sufficient to make a functional protein
- 56. Protein Folding and Post-Translational Modifications During and after synthesis, a polypeptide chain spontaneously coils and folds
- 57. Targeting Polypeptides to Specific Locations Two populations of ribosomes are evident in cells: free ribsomes (in
- 58. Polypeptide synthesis always begins in the cytosol Synthesis finishes in the cytosol unless the polypeptide signals
- 59. Fig. 17-21 Ribosome mRNA Signal peptide Signal- recognition particle (SRP) CYTOSOL Translocation complex SRP receptor protein
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