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- 2. Society of Petroleum Engineers Distinguished Lecturer Program www.spe.org/dl Scot Buell, SPEC Waterflood Design and Operational Best
- 3. Outline Waterflood design life and injection efficiency Conformance management Injection well design Waterflood surveillance Water quality
- 4. Waterflooding: The Gateway to Enhanced Oil Recovery 100% 80% 20% 40% 60% Oil Recovery Enhanced Oil
- 5. Waterflood Mobility Ratio Mwf = μo krw/μw kro Mwf > 1 is unfavorable – water is
- 6. What is the Design Life of Your Waterflood? Design Life affected by: Mobility ratio Pore volumes
- 7. Case History: Pore Volumes Injected for Four Offshore Reservoirs Processing rates (PVI/yr) very different among fields
- 8. How Efficiently Is Your Water Injection Displacing Oil? Technique is based upon net accumulated water in
- 9. Voidage Replacement Ratio (VRR) VRR is used as a leading indicator to achieve target reservoir pressure
- 10. Typical VRR Values After Fill-up VRR 1.1 to 1.4 VRR 1.0 to 1.1 VRR 1.0 to
- 11. Consistent VRR Importance of Voidage Replacement Ratio Management VRR Decrease Gas (mdf/day) & Oil (BOPD) Water
- 12. Zone 3 Zone 2 Zone 1 Water Displacement Front Oil Reservoir Classic Waterflood Conformance Problem in
- 13. Management of Layered Waterflood Response Always start with the injector if possible. Need surveillance and injector
- 14. Waterflood Analysis Techniques Identifying Injector-Producer Relationships Lorenz coefficient – Dykstra-Parsons Capacitance-resistance models (CRM) Streamtube or streamlines
- 15. Injector Completions for Conformance Control Limited Entry Perforating Dedicated Tubingless Slimhole Packers & Injection Mandrels with
- 16. Elements of a Waterflood Surveillance Plan Required Routine Surveillance : Production testing Injection measurement Water quality
- 17. Emerging Technology: Fiber Optic Distributed Acoustic Sensing (DAS) for Injection Flow Profiling Copyright owned by SPE
- 18. Cross-functional Waterflood Management Hierarchy of Analysis Waterflood Scorecards It takes more than just reservoir & production
- 19. Typical Water Quality Specifications Reference: NACE 5962 Eggum et al 2015, IJAETCS Abdulaziz 2014, & SPE
- 20. Offshore Water Injection Plant Scorecard Months with no Chlorination?
- 21. Biofouling: Consequences of Not Meeting Water Quality Specifications? What are Biofilms? They are collections of microorganisms
- 22. Under Deposit Corrosion: Consequences of Not Meeting Water Quality Specifications? A common corrosion mechanism in water
- 23. Oxygen: Consequences of Not Meeting Water Quality Specifications? Oxygen Corrosion Examples Bare carbon steel can provide
- 24. Water Injection Plant (WIP) Operations Are your water injection plant operations lower priority relative to oil
- 25. Operational Discipline with Water Quality Do you have a water quality specification or a water quality
- 26. Matrix Injection Myth in Waterfloods Long term matrix injection cannot be achieved with practical water quality
- 27. Subsurface Integrity Management for Waterfloods Subsurface integrity management ensures injected fluids are confined to targeted and
- 28. Key Takeaways Understand the design life and processing rate of your reservoir (PVI/year) Understand how much
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