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- 3. The NILE RIVER , the longest river in the world (6,650 kilometers), flows north from the
- 4. Bounded on the south, east and west by an impenetrable desert, and on the north by
- 5. For centuries, THE NILE RIVER FLOODED THE VALLEY, enriching the land with a thick layer of
- 6. TRANSPORTATION: The Nile River was the highway that joined the country together. Up until the nineteenth
- 7. DUALITIES, such as desert and river valley, Upper and Lower Egypt, life and death, were an
- 9. ARCHITECTURE: The ancient Egyptians built their pyramids, tombs, temples and palaces out of STONE, the most
- 10. Apart from the pyramids, EGYPTIAN BUILDINGS were decorated with PAINTINGS, CARVED STONE IMAGES, HIEROGLYPHS, and THREE-DIMENSIONAL
- 14. One of the oldest mysteries surrounding ancient Egypt concerns the building of the PYRAMIDS. How did
- 15. One theory suggests that RAMPS were used to haul the stone blocks on wooden sleds up
- 16. Ramp on pyramid
- 17. Stone block on sled
- 18. Pouring water to lubricate the ramp
- 19. Rocking a block into position
- 20. THE WOODEN CRANE THEORY suggests that a wooden crane with a counterweight on one end may
- 21. The pyramids were probably NOT BUILT BY SLAVES because slave labor was not widely used in
- 22. Pyramids did not stand alone; they were part of a FUNERARY COMPLEX. The complex includes a
- 24. GOVERNMENT and RELIGION were inseparable in ancient Egypt. The PHARAOH was the head of State and
- 25. The PHAROAH was at the top of the social hierarchy. Ancient Egypt achieved stability through the
- 26. To reinforce their image as powerful divine rulers, the PHARAOHS represented themselves in writings and sculptured
- 27. Not all the pharaohs were men. Before the Graeco-Roman period, at least three WOMEN ascended the
- 28. ROYAL WOMEN: Royal mothers, wives, and daughters derived their status from their relationship with the king.
- 29. Next to pharaoh, the most powerful officer in the hierarchy was the VIZIER, the EXECUTIVE HEAD
- 30. The ancient Egyptians remained very conscious of SOCIAL STRATIFICATION, and barriers between the classes were quite
- 32. The EGYPTIAN LANGUAGE was one of the earliest languages to be written down, perhaps only the
- 33. The word HIEROGLYPH literally means "sacred carvings". The Egyptians first used hieroglyphs for inscriptions carved or
- 34. The ancient language was written by SCRIBES who, from a young age, went through a long
- 35. Be a scribe. It will save you from toil and protect you from every kind of
- 36. Papyrus Plant Papyrus Sheet Animation of paper-making process To make the paper-like writing material, the exterior
- 37. DRAFTSMEN were scribes who specialized in drawing. They followed a formula that makes standing and sitting
- 38. Sacred texts, known as the PYRAMID TEXTS, were written on the inner passages and the walls
- 39. COFFIN TEXTS emphasized the afterlife and helped the deceased find their way in the afterworld. Inscribed
- 40. The JUDGMENT OF THE DEAD was a way of attaining new life. The deceased were taken
- 41. The BOOK OF THE DEAD contains approximately 190 chapters of spells to assist the deceased on
- 43. RELIGION is the glue that binds local communities together and transforms them into nations. It creates
- 44. By looking at ancient Egypt, one can see how belief systems evolved. In the early stages
- 45. As human society evolved, people gradually gained a degree of personal identity. With a higher sense
- 46. At that stage, every Egyptian town had its own particular deity represented by an ANIMAL (such
- 47. Like all religions, that of ancient Egypt was COMPLEX. It evolved over the centuries from one
- 48. PRIESTS worked at the temples, conducting the daily rituals of clothing, feeding and putting to bed
- 49. Entering a Temple
- 52. The ancient Egyptians believed in the RESURRECTION OF THE BODY and life everlasting. This belief was
- 53. Around 450 B.C., the Greek historian HERODOTUS documented the art of MUMMIFICATION. As much of the
- 54. NATRON, a disinfectant and dehydration agent, was the main ingredient used in the mummification process. A
- 55. MATERIALS USED IN MUMMIFICATION: Linen Sawdust Lichen Beeswax Resin Frankincense Natron Onion Nile mud Linen pads
- 56. MUMMIFICATION TOOLS: The ancient embalmers used very few tools. The basic tool kit included a KNIFE
- 57. There are three elements to the Egyptian CONCEPT OF SOUL: KA is the life force or
- 58. The journey to the afterworld was considered full of danger. Traveling on a SOLAR BARK, the
- 59. Here the gods of the dead performed the WEIGHING OF THE HEART ceremony to judge whether
- 60. When a pharaoh passed the test, he became one with the god Osiris. He then traveled
- 62. The flooding of the Nile rendered the narrow strip of land on either side of the
- 63. Breaking the ground with plow and hoe Reaping and scattering the seed Separating the grain from
- 64. In mid-September, farmers blocked canals to retain the water for IRRIGATION. Still used today, the SHADUF
- 65. LIVESTOCK was important to the Egyptian economy, supplying meat, milk, hides, and dung for cooking fuel.
- 66. Barley and emmer, were used to make BEER and BREAD, the main staples of the Egyptian
- 67. Grapes were processed into WINE for the noble class, but beer was the favorite drink of
- 68. Pharaohs and nobles participated in HUNTING, FISHING and FOWLING expeditions, a means of recreation that had
- 69. FISHING allowed the working class to add variety to its diet. The poor substituted fish for
- 70. Most HOUSES were made of BRICK. The banks of the Nile provided the mud used to
- 71. CRAFTWORKERS lived in one- or two-storey FLAT-ROOFED DWELLINGS made of mud bricks. The walls and roof
- 72. The HOMES OF THE WEALTHY were larger and more luxurious. SPACIOUS reception and living rooms opened
- 73. A villa from the city of Amarna
- 74. ROYAL PALACES, frequently CITIES IN THEMSELVES, included separate residences, a temple and a workers’ village.
- 75. SKILLED ARTISANS were considered SOCIALLY SUPERIOR to common laborers. They learned their art from a master
- 76. WOMEN engaged in WEAVING, PERFUME MAKING, BAKING and NEEDLEWORK. Very few artistic creations were signed, and
- 77. FLAX grown by farmers was woven into fine linen for clothing. WORKING-CLASS MEN wore loincloths or
- 78. The Egyptian ELITE HIRED HAIRDRESSERS and took great care of their hair. Hair was WASHED and
- 79. Elite men and women enhanced their appearance with various COSMETICS: OILS, PERFUMES, and eye and facial
- 81. MATHEMATICS: Although the Egyptians lacked the symbol for zero, they calculated numbers based on the DECIMAL
- 82. ASTRONOMY: Like many ancient peoples, the Egyptians studied the night sky, taking measurements from the stars
- 83. MEDICINE: The doctors of ancient Egypt combined MAGIC SPELLS with REMEDIES. If a person fell sick,
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