Содержание
- 2. PLAN Definition of the “Cold War” Causes of the Cold War Beginning of the Cold War
- 3. DEFINITION OF “COLD WAR” "Cold War" is a term used to refer to the period in
- 4. CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR After the end of World War II, relations between the USSR
- 5. CAUSES OF THE WAR In his speech, Churchill accused the USSR of illegally occupying the countries
- 6. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR - STRENGTHENING OF SOCIALISM Two countries emerged after the end of
- 7. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR - THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE In the spring of 1947, the US
- 8. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR MARSHALL PLAN One of the "deterrence" (containment) tools was the American
- 9. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR - COMINFORMBURO The countries of Western Europe received about 13 billion
- 10. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR BERLIN CRISIS One of the stages in deepening the Cold war
- 11. BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR - GROWING CONFRONTATION In the late 1940s, mass persecution of dissenters
- 12. POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962) - PROCLAIMED DÉTENTE AND REALITIES After the death in March 1953 of I.V.
- 13. POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962) - ARMS RACE Despite some thaw in the mutual relations after the death
- 14. POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962) - ARMS RACE In 1962, the Caribbean crisis erupted - an event that
- 15. "DETENTE" (1962-1979) In 1963, realizing the danger of the manipulation of nuclear weapons, the US and
- 16. "DETENTE" (1962-1979) By the early 1970s, the Soviet Union had achieved nuclear parity with the United
- 17. STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987) - NEW DETERIORATION OF RELATIONS At the end of 1979 Soviet troops
- 18. STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987) - TREND TOWARDS NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS In 1985, M.S. Gorbachev came to
- 19. END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991) In December 1987, a new Soviet-American meeting was held in
- 20. END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991) In Eastern Europe, a series of "velvet revolutions" took place,
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PLAN
Definition of the “Cold War”
Causes of the Cold War
Beginning of the
PLAN
Definition of the “Cold War”
Causes of the Cold War
Beginning of the
Political Thaw (1953–1962)
"Detente" (1962-1979)
Strengthening the confrontation (1979-1987)
End of the Cold War (1987-1991)
The outcomes of the Cold War
DEFINITION OF “COLD WAR”
"Cold War" is a term used to refer
DEFINITION OF “COLD WAR”
"Cold War" is a term used to refer
There was no direct military clash between the participants in the confrontation, which did not prevent them from supporting the warring parties in a series of conflicts around the globe. The rivalry between the two superpowers was accompanied by an arms race - both conventional and nuclear - that periodically put the world on the threshold of World War III. In the confrontation, great importance was attached to ideology - communism and capitalism clashed in the struggle for hegemony in the world.
It is believed that for the first time the expression "Cold War" was used by the famous British writer - science fiction writer George Orwell on October 19, 1945 in his article "You and the Atomic Bomb." In his opinion, the nuclear-weapon countries will lead the world, while they will be in a constant state of cold war, that is, in confrontation without direct military clashes.
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
After the end of World War II,
CAUSES OF THE COLD WAR
After the end of World War II,
In February 1946, the US Ambassador to Moscow, George Kennan, sent to Washington the subsequently famous "long telegram," in which he outlined the impossibility of cooperation with the Soviet Union.
On March 5, 1946, former British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, formulated in his speech at the US Westminster College in Fulton the goals of a "fraternal association of English-speaking peoples," urging them to rally to defend the "great principles of freedom and human rights." "From Stettin in the Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, the Iron Curtain fell over the European continent," and "Soviet Russia wants... unlimited spread of its power and its doctrines." Churchill's Fulton speech largely echoed Kennan’s ideas and is considered to be a turn to the beginning of the Cold War between East and West.
CAUSES OF THE WAR
In his speech, Churchill accused the USSR of
CAUSES OF THE WAR
In his speech, Churchill accused the USSR of
The leadership of the USSR did not also trust its Western allies. As soviet intelligence reported, in the spring and summer of 1945, operation “Inconceivable” was developed in the UK. Its supposed purpose was to expel the Red Army by British and Americans from Eastern Europe.
During the Potsdam Conference, President Harry Truman hinted to Stalin that the United States had an atomic bomb, and its use in the bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki was perceived in the USSR as "rattling with weapons." In the fall of 1945, the United States, according to the Russian historians, started developing the “Totality” plan, which aimed to launch a nuclear strike on the largest cities of the Soviet Union. A set of all these events caused the Cold War between the USSR and the West.
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- STRENGTHENING OF SOCIALISM
Two countries emerged after
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- STRENGTHENING OF SOCIALISM
Two countries emerged after
Many European countries, ravaged by the war, were impressed by the Soviet experience of rapid industrialization. Socialism started to attract millions of people as the way to overcome devastation. Additionally, the influence of the USSR significantly expanded into the countries of Asia and Eastern Europe, where communist parties came to power.
These processes worried the West, which paid attention at the reverse side of the socialist system.
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
In the spring of
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- THE TRUMAN DOCTRINE
In the spring of
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
MARSHALL PLAN
One of the "deterrence" (containment) tools
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
MARSHALL PLAN
One of the "deterrence" (containment) tools
Initially, the USSR and the Central European countries revealed interest in the plan, but after the Paris negotiations a delegation of 83 Soviet economists led by V.M. Molotov left them at the direction of V.I. Stalin. The 16 countries, which joined the plan, received significant US assistance from 1948 to 1952. Implementation of the Marshall plan actually completed the division of spheres of influence in Europe. The Communists lost their position in Western Europe.
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- COMINFORMBURO
The countries of Western Europe received
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- COMINFORMBURO
The countries of Western Europe received
In response to the Marshall Plan, the USSR created the Cominform, an international organization designed to coordinate the actions of communist parties from different European countries to better counter the United States and Western countries.
In September 1947, at the first meeting of the Cominformburo (Information Bureau of Communist and Workers' Parties), A.A. Zhdanova, a Soviet Communist Party leader, made a report on the formation of two camps in the world - "an imperialist and anti-democratic camp, with its main goal of establishing world domination and defeating democracy, and an anti-imperialist and democratic camp, with its main goal of undermining imperialism, strengthening democracy and eliminating the remnants of fascism." The creation of the Cominformburo meant the emergence of a single center of leadership for the world communist movement. In Eastern Europe, communists took power into their own hands, many opposition politicians migrated abroad. The Soviet model of socioeconomic changes was spread all over the East Western countries.
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
BERLIN CRISIS
One of the stages in deepening
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
BERLIN CRISIS
One of the stages in deepening
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- GROWING CONFRONTATION
In the late 1940s, mass
BEGINNING OF THE COLD WAR
- GROWING CONFRONTATION
In the late 1940s, mass
By the end of World War II, the United States had a monopoly on atomic weapons. The US demonstrated its military superiority by bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945. In response, the USSR did its best to create nuclear parity. On August 29, 1949, the Soviet atomic bomb was successfully tested at the Semipalatinsk testing ground.
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- PROCLAIMED DÉTENTE AND REALITIES
After the death in March
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- PROCLAIMED DÉTENTE AND REALITIES
After the death in March
Despite the desire for "detente" in international relations, the "arms race" continued. In April 1950, the directive of the National Security Council "US Goals and Programs in the Field of National Security" (NSC-68) was adopted, which was based on the following provision: "The USSR seeks world domination, Soviet military superiority is increasing, and therefore negotiations with the Soviet leadership are impossible." It was concluded that it was necessary to increase the American military potential. The directive focused on crisis confrontation with the USSR "until there is a change in the nature of the Soviet system." In opposition to the NATO bloc, and Germany’s entry into it1955, the Warsaw Pact Organization was created, which included the Soviet Union and countries of the socialist bloc. Thus, the bipolar system was finally established in the world.
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- ARMS RACE
Despite some thaw in the mutual relations
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- ARMS RACE
Despite some thaw in the mutual relations
In 1950-1953, the first armed local conflict involving two superpowers in Korea took place.
In 1957, the USSR tested an intercontinental ballistic missile, which had the opportunity to strike the territory of the United States. In the same year, the first nuclear submarine was launched in the Soviet Union.
A strong blow to the image of the USSR in the world and the communist movement as a whole was suppression of the Hungarian uprising of 1956 by Soviet troops.
Relations between the two warring blocs also deteriorated as a result of the 1960 espionage scandal.
In the 60s the main scene for the struggle of the two systems became the countries of the "third world," which often led to local military conflicts around the world.
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- ARMS RACE
In 1962, the Caribbean crisis erupted -
POLITICAL THAW (1953–1962)
- ARMS RACE
In 1962, the Caribbean crisis erupted -
Simultaneously, the so-called "space race" started - confrontation between the US and the USSR in space exploration. On October 4, 1957, the USSR was the first to launch the Sputnik-1 artificial Earth satellite into orbit. On April 12, 1961, Yuri Gagarin became the first person in space; in March 1965, Alexei Leonov was the first to make a spacewalk. The Americans responded by landing their astronauts on the moon in July 1969 during the Apollo 11 mission.
"DETENTE" (1962-1979)
In 1963, realizing the danger of the manipulation of nuclear
"DETENTE" (1962-1979)
In 1963, realizing the danger of the manipulation of nuclear
The US started an active involvement in the Vietnam war in 1954, though ongoing conflict in the region had stretched back several decades. Vietnam was divided into two camps: North Vietnam supporting socialism, and Southern - capitalism. The USSR secretly participated in the military conflict, supporting the northerners. However, after numerous antiwar protests and demonstrations the US stopped the war. In January 1973, a final peace agreement was concluded between the US and North Vietnam.
In August 1963, the US, the USSR and Great Britain signed a treaty banning the testing of atomic weapons in the atmosphere and under water, and five years later a treaty on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons.
In 1964 Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU L.I. Brezhnev established relations with the heads of the leading Western powers. Brezhnev had a particularly trusting relationship with US President Richard Nixon, during whose presidency a number of important documents were signed between the countries: treaties on the limitation of missile defense systems, on the limitation of strategic offensive weapons, on the non-use of atomic weapons and others.
"DETENTE" (1962-1979)
By the early 1970s, the Soviet Union had achieved nuclear
"DETENTE" (1962-1979)
By the early 1970s, the Soviet Union had achieved nuclear
On July 30 - August 1, 1975, the heads of 35 states signed the so-called Helsinki Agreements. The signatory countries recognized the territorial integrity of States, the inviolability of post-war borders, declared the peaceful settlement of disputes, cooperation in the field of economics, human rights, environmental protection, etc.
The Soyuz-Apollo program of 1975, which provided the joint flight of the Soviet and American spacecrafts became one of the main symbols of international cooperation of that period.
On February 18, 1970, President R. Nixon outlined three components of the US foreign policy: partnership, military force, and negotiations. The partnership concerned allies, military force and negotiations - "potential opponents.“ Thus, the formula "from confrontation to negotiations" was proclaimed. In line with this trend, on May 29, 1972, "Fundamentals of relations between the USSR and the USA” were signed between the countries, emphasizing the need for peaceful coexistence of the two systems. Both sides committed themselves to do everything possible to prevent military conflicts and nuclear war.
STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987)
- NEW DETERIORATION OF RELATIONS
At the end of
STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987)
- NEW DETERIORATION OF RELATIONS
At the end of
In 1983, US President Ronald Reagan declared the Soviet Union the "Evil Empire" and adopted the Strategic Defense Initiative program - so-called "Star Wars," according to which the US created a system of protection against intercontinental ballistic missiles in near-Earth space. Both the US and USSR deployed the latest missiles in Europe to aim potential enemy. The world was again on the threshold of World War III.
STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987)
- TREND TOWARDS NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS
In 1985, M.S.
STRENGTHENING THE CONFRONTATION (1979-1987)
- TREND TOWARDS NORMALIZATION OF RELATIONS
In 1985, M.S.
At a new meeting in 1986 in Reykjavik, the USSR demonstrated its readiness to make concessions to improve relations with Western countries.
END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991)
In December 1987, a new Soviet-American
END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991)
In December 1987, a new Soviet-American
In1988, the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan started, which ended completely a year later.
In November 1989, during natural protests, the symbol of the Cold War - the Berlin Wall was destroyed, and in October 1990 all parts of Germany at last were united.
END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991)
In Eastern Europe, a series of
END OF THE COLD WAR (1987-1991)
In Eastern Europe, a series of
On December 2-3, 1989 in Malta, a meeting was held between the new US President J. Bush and M.S. Gorbachev, where the latter confirmed the "freedom of choice" for the countries of Eastern Europe, a 50% reduction in strategic offensive weapons was proclaimed.
On July 1, 1991, the Warsaw Treaty Organization was dissolved, and in December 1991 the Soviet Union ceased its existence.
The signing of the declaration by Russia and the United States at Camp David on February 1, 1992 put a formal end to the Cold War.