Lecture Classification of expressive means and stylistic devices by Y.M.Skrebnev презентация

“Fundamentals of the English Stylistics” 1994
Stylistics:
Paradigmatic Syntagmatic
Stylistics of units Stylistics of
sequences

General scheme of branches
of P\S stylistics
Paradigmatic ← 1.Phonetics → Syntagmatic
Stylistics ← 2.Morphology → Stylistics
← 3. Lexicology →
← 4. Syntax →
← 5. Semasiology →

Paradigmatic Phonetics
phonographical stylistic features of a written text= graphic means to reproduce phonetic peculiarities of individual speech
Graphon (V.A.Kucharenko’s term) – intentional non-standard spelling
Ex.: I know these Eye-talians (Lawrence)
Cockney speech: [ei] →[ai], [au] →[a:], drop of [h’s]

Paradigmatic Phonetics 2
Ex: “Father, said one of the children at breakfast.-I want some more ‘am please”. –You mustn’t say ‘am, my child, the correct form is ‘am, - retorted his father, passing a plate with slices ham on it. “But I did say ‘am, pleaded the boy”. “No, you didn’t: you said ‘am instead of ‘am”. The mother turned to the guest smiling: “Oh, don’t mind them, sir, pray. They are both trying to saw ‘am and both think it is ‘am they are saying “.

Paradigmatic Phonetics 3
Pitch of voice, stress, melodic features → italics, capitalization, repetition of letters, onomatopoeia.
Ex: I AM sorry;
“Appeeee Noooooyeeeeerr”;
cock-a-doodle-doo.

Paradigmatic morphology
stylistic potential of grammar forms (peculiar use of grammatical categories)
Historical present
Ex: What else do I remember? Let me see. There comes out of a cloud our house… (Dickens)

Paradigmatic morphology 2
Personification\ Depersonification (gender)
Feminine
Countries (France sent her representative to the conference)
Abstract notions associated with beauty: Spring, Peace, Kindness =SHE
Names of vessels and vehicles (ship, boat, carriage, coach, car) = SHE
Masculine
Abstract notions associated with strength: Death, Fear, War, Anger = HE

Paradigmatic morphology 3
Depersonification:
Ex.: “Where did you find it?” asked Mord Em’ly of Miss Gilliken with a satirical accent.
“Who are you calling “it”? demanded Mr. Barden aggressively. “P’raps you’ll kindly call me ‘im and not it”. (Partridge)
(Person/ Number, mood…)

Pragmatic lexicology
Layers of vocabulary
Positive\elevated (poetic, official, professional, bookish*, archaic*, terms*)
Neutral
Negative\ degraded (colloquial, neologisms, jargon, slang, once-words, vulgar words.)

Paradigmatic syntax
-sentence paradigm: completeness of sentence structure, communicative types of sentences, word order, type of syntactical connection.
Completeness of sentence structure: ellipsis, aposiopesis, one member nominative sentences, redundancy (repetition of sentence parts, syntactic tautology, polysyndeton)

Paradigmatic syntax 2
Communicative types of sentences:
Quasi-affirmative sentences (Isn’t it too bad?=That is too bad.)
Quasi-interrogative sent. (Here you are to write down your age and birthplace. = How old are you? Where were you born?
Quasi-negative sent. (Did I say a word about the money? = I did not say…)
Quasi-imperative sent. (Here! Quick! = Come here! Be quick!

Paradigmatic syntax 3
Word order: inversion
Type of syntactical connection: detachment, parenthetic elements, asyndetic subordination and coordination.

Paradigmatic semasiology
-transfer of names = tropes= figures of replacement
Figures of quantity :: Figures of quality
Figures of quantity
Renaming is based on inexactitude of measurements
Hyperbole
Ex.: You couldn’t hear yourself think for the noise.
Meosis (understatement, litotes)
Ex.: It’s not unusual for him to come home at this hour.

Paradigmatic semasiology 2
Figures of quality (3 types)
Transfer based on real connection
Metonymy ( 2 forms: synecdoche, periphrasis = varieties: euphemism, anti-euphemism)
Ex.: I’m all ears. Hands wanted.
Ex.: Ladies and the worser halves. I never call a spade a spade, I call it a bloody shovel.

Paradigmatic semasiology 3
Transfer based on affinity (similarity)
Metaphor has no formal limitations = sustained\extended, chain M.
Ex.: This is a day of your golden opportunity. Don’t let it turn to brass.
Catachresis (mixed metaphor)

Paradigmatic semasiology 4
Ex.: “For somewhere”, said Poirot to himself indulging an absolute riot of mixed metaphors “there is in the hay a needle, and among the sleeping dogs is one on whom I shall put my foot, and by shooting the arrow into the air, one will come down and hit a glass-house”. (Christie)

Paradigmatic semasiology 5
Initial statements:
To look for a needle in the haystack.
To let sleeping dogs lie.
To put one’s foot down.
I sot arrow into the air ( Longfellow),
People who live in a glass houses should not throw stones.

Paradigmatic semasiology 6
Other Metaphor types:
Allusion
Ex.: It’s his Achilles heel
Personification
Ex.: How soon hath Time, the subtle thief of youth, Stol’n on his wing my three and twentieth year. (Milton)
Antonomasia
Ex.: Brutus, Don Juan. But: doesn’t regard as such Duke the Iron Heart, Mr. Noble Knight.
Allegory
Ex.: the scales of justice

Paradigmatic semasiology 7
Transfer by contrast
Irony:
Explicit
Ex.: A fine friend you are! That’s a pretty kettle of fish
Implicit = against a wider context
Ex.: Clever bastard! Lucky devil!
+ Mixture of registers.

Syntagmatic Stylistics
Stylistics of sequences (linear combinations)
Syntagmatic Phonetics
Prosodic features
Alliteration (Last but not least, Now or never, as good as gold.)
Poetry, titles, headlines, slogans, commercials:
Ex.: Pride and prejudice.
Posthumous papers of the Pickwick Club.
Work or wages! Workers of the world, unite!
Colgate toothpaste: The Flavor’s Fresher than ever – It’s New. Improved. Fortified.

Syntagmatic Phonetics 2
Assonance (the recurrence of the stresses vowels)
Ex.: …Tell this soul with sorrow laden. If within the distant Aiden; I shall clasp a sainted maiden, whom the angels named Lenore (Poe).
Paronomasia (using words similar in sound but different in meaning):
Ex.: And the raven, never flitting, still is sitting, still is sitting. (Poe)
Rhythm and Meter
Rhyme Take her up tenderly,
Lift her with care,
Fasion’d so slenderly
Young and so fair.

Syntagmatic Morphology
-grammar forms with some stylistic effect
Ex.: Shakespeare’s plays\ plats of Shakespeare\ Shakespeare plays
Syntagmatic Lexicology
Word –and-context = stylistic irradiation
Ex.: Jeff, says Andy after a long time, quite unseldom I have seen fit to impugn your morals when you have been chewing the rag with me about your conscientious way of doing business…O’Henry.

Syntagmatic Syntax
Syntactical repetition: Parallelism
Ex.: The cock is crowing,
The stream is flowing… (Wordsworth)
Lexico-syntactical devices:
Anaphora (identity of beginnings)
Ex.: If only little Edward were twenty, old enough to marry well and fend for himself, instead of ten. If only it were not necessary to provide a dowary for his daughter. If only his own debts were less. (Rutherfurd)

Syntagmatic Syntax 2
Epiphora (identity of endings)
Ex.: For all averred, I had killed a bird.
That made the breeze to blow.
Ah wrench! Said they, the bird to slay,
That made the breeze to blow. (Coleridge)
Framing (both)
Ex.: Never wonder. By means of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division, settle everything somehow, and never wonder. (Dickens)

Syntagmatic Syntax 3
Anadiplosis (final element goes into the beginning of the next sequence)
Ex.: Three fishes went sailing out into the West. Out into the West, as the sun went down. (Kingsley)
Chiasmus (reversed parallelism)
Ex.: That he sings and he sings, and for ever sings he – I love my Love and my Love loves me! (Coleridge)

Syntagmatic semasiology
-semantic relationships expressed throughout the whole text. Studied TYPES of names used for the linear arrangement of meanings.
=Figures of co-occurrence: figures of identity, figures of inequality, figures of contrast.
Figures of identity:
Simile
Ex.: My heart is like a singing bird

Syntagmatic semasiology 2
Synonymous replacement
Ex.:He brought home numberless prizes. He told his mother countless stories.
I was trembly and shaky from head to foot.
Figures of inequality
Clarifying synonyms:
Ex.: You undercut, sinful, insidious hog. (O’Henry)
Climax (gradation)
Ex.: What difference if it rained, hailed, blew, snowed, cycloned? (O’Henry)

Syntagmatic semasiology 3
Anti-climax (Back gradation)
Ex.: The woman who could face the very devil himself or a mouse – goes all to pieces in front of a flash of lightning. ( Twain)
Zeugma
Ex.: She dropped a tear and her pocket handkerchief. (Dickens)
Pun
Ex.: What steps would you take if an empty tank were coming toward you? – Long ones.
Disguised tautology
Ex.: For East is East, and West is West… (Kipling)