Articulatory Analysis of English Speech Sounds презентация

Principles of classification of English speech sounds
speech sounds
vowels consonants
noise consonants
sonorants
/m, n, ŋ, l, w, j, r/
Principles of classification:
The presence or absence of obstruction.
The distribution of muscular tension.
The force of the air stream coming from the lungs.

Articulation basis
articulatory habits characteristic of all the native speakers of a language

The main peculiarities of the English articulation basis
The tongue is broadened, flattened, the tip is slightly drawn back from the teeth.
Lips are neutral, slightly spread, the upper lip is tense.

Phonetic interference
Bilingualism – the practice of alternate use of two languages by a person in communication.
Language interference – a process and a result of interaction and mutual influence of the language systems which are in contact.
Phonetic interference – the deviation from the phonetic norms of the language.

Phonetic interference
Phonetic interference
phonemic prosodic

The features of phonemic interference
the loss of aspiration;
degree of palatalization;
place of articulation (e.g. the use of dental /t/ or /d/ instead of alveolar ones);
shortening the duration of long vowels;
the pronunciation of English /o, o:, u, u:/ with lip protrusion;
the use of the wrong allophone of the phoneme (e.g. the dark [ł] instead of the clear [l]).

Prosodic interference
Prosodic interference involves the use of wrong prosodic patterns:
The use of falling tones instead of rising ones.
E.g. Shut the door behind you!
Good bye!
The choice of the wrong pitch, stress or rhythmic pattern.

The articulatory classification of English consonants
Principles:
The work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
The active organ of speech and the place of obstruction.
The type of obstruction and the manner of noise production.
Position of the soft palate.

The articulatory classification of English consonants
according to the work of vocal cords and force of exhalation
Consonants
voiced voiceless
“lenis” [̍li:nəs] “fortis” [̍fɔ:tɪs]
Lat. ‘soft, weak’ Lat. ‘strong, energetic’
The English consonants
/h, m, n, ŋ, l, w, j, r/
do not enter the fortis-lenis opposition

The articulatory classification of English consonants

The articulatory classification of English consonants (active speech organ)
Consonants
labial lingual pharyngeal
(glottal) /h/
bilabial labio­dental
/p,b,m,w/ /f,v/
forelingual medio-lingual back-lingual
/j/ /k,g,ŋ/
apical cacuminal
/t,d,n,l,s,z/ /r/

The articulatory classification of English consonants (place of obstruction)
Consonants:
dental or interdental /θ,ð/
alveolar /t,d,n,l,s,z/
post-alveolar /r/
Palatal /j/
palatal-alveolar /∫,ʒ,t∫,dʒ/
Velar /k,g,ŋ/

The articulatory classification of English consonants
Types of obstruction:
complete closure (occlusion)
incomplete closure (constriction)
closure immediately followed by constriction (occlusion-constriction)

The articulatory classification of English consonants (type of obstruction and manner of noise production)
Consonants
occlusives constrictives occlusive-
constrictives
(affricates)
stops nasal /t∫,dʒ/
(plosives) sonorants
/p,b,t,d,k,g/ /m,n,ŋ/
fricatives oral sonorants
unicentral bicentral medial lateral
/f,v,s,z,θ,ð,h/ /∫,ʒ/ /j,r,w/ /l/

The articulatory classification of English consonants (position of the soft palate)
Consonants oral nasal
/p,b,t,d,k,g,f,v,∫,ʒ, /m,n,ŋ/
s,z,θ,ð,t∫,dʒ,w,l,r,j/

Vowels

The articulatory classification of English vowels
The System of Cardinal Vowels by Daniel Jones
Front Vowels Back Vowels
№ 1 I u № 8 close
№ 2 e o № 7 half-close
№ 3 ε ɔ № 6 half-open
№ 4 a α № 5 open

The articulatory classification of English vowels
This system is an international standard which contains all the vowel types existing in different languages of the world. Jones’ system of cardinal vowels may be called vocalic Esperanto.
Its practical application is limited nowadays only to purely linguistic work.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
Principles:
Position of the lips
Position of the tongue
Degree of tenseness and the character of the end of a vowel
Length
Stability of articulation

The articulatory classification of English vowels (position of the lips)
Vowels
rounded unrounded
/ɒ,ɔ:,u,u:/ /i:,i,e,æ,Λ,α:,ə:,ə/

The articulatory classification of English vowels (position of the tongue)
Vowels
(according to the horizontal movements of the tongue)
front central back
Vowels
(according to the vertical movements of the tongue)
high mid low

The articulatory classification of English vowels
front
/i:, e, æ/ /eı, εə, aı/
front-retracted /ı/ /ıə/
Vowels
mixed or central /ə, ɜ:/
back-advanced
/ʌ, ʊ, ɑ:/ /ɛʊ, ʊə/
back
/ɒ, ɔ:, u:/ /ɔı/

The articulatory classification of English vowels
narrow /i:, u:/
high (close) broad /ı, ʊ/
narrow
/e, ɜ:, ɛʊ, ʊə /
mid (half open)
broad /ə/ /εə/
Vowels
narrow /ʌ, ɔ:/
low (open)
broad /æ, ɑ:, ɔ, aı, aʊ/

In the close front position we pronounce /ɪ/

In the open front position we pronounce /a/ (unrounded)

Back close (rounded) /u:/

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to the degree of muscular tension English vowels are classified into tense and lax.
The English long vowels like /i:/ and /u:/ are characterized as tense, because the speech organs that participate in their formation (the tongue and the lips) are considerably tensed.
All the short vowels are characterized as lax.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to the character of the end
there are
Checked and free vowels
Checked vowels are those that must be followed by a consonant in a stressed syllable, while free vowels are those that may stand in a stressed open syllable with no following consonant.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to their length English vowels are subdivided into long and short.
The vowel length may depend on:
1) The position of a vowel in a word.
In the terminal position a vowel is the longest, it shortens before a voiced consonant, it is the shortest before a voiceless consonant. E.g. /si: - si:d – si:t/

The articulatory classification of English vowels
Length
2) Word accent.
The vowel is longer in an accented syllable that in an unaccented one.
E.g. forecast (noun) /'fɔ:kɑ:st/
forecast (verb) /fɔ:'kɑ:st/
3) The number of syllables in a word.
Similar vowels are shorter in a polysyllabic word. Thus, /ə:/ in the word verse is longer that in the word university.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
Length
4) The character of the syllabic structure:
open syllable: ‘her’ /hə:/; closed syllable: ‘earn’ /ə:n/.
5) Sonority (звучность): /i:/ is longer than /α:/.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
According to the stability of articulation English vowels are divided into:
1) monophthongs, or simple vowels;
2) diphthongs, or complex vowels;
3) diphthongoids, or diphthongized vowels.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
The quality of a monophthong is not changed throughout the whole duration of the vowel.
During the pronunciation of a diphthong the tongue and the lips move from one vowel position to another within the syllable. So, there are two vowel elements in a diphthong: the nucleus and the glide.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
All English diphthongs are falling (nucleus+glide). A falling diphthong begins with the nucleus, its stronger and longer element, and ends in a glide, which is weak and short.
A rising diphthong begins with a glide and ends in a nucleus (glide+nucleus). Such diphthongs are common in Italian, Spanish, etc.

The articulatory classification of English vowels
A diphthongoid is a vowel sound intermediate (промежуточный) in character between a monophthong and a diphthong. The elements of a diphthongoid are close to each other: /i:/, /u:/

The physical properties of speech sounds
Frequency – the number of vibrations per second.
Intensity – variations in the loudness of the sound.
Duration – the quantity of time during which the same vibratory motion is produced.

What differ vowels from consonants?

What consonant pair is this?

And this?

What is the difference between the two slides?

What is the difference between the two slides?

What fricative pair is this?