Classification of phonemes. Lecture 2- презентация

Lecture 2 “Classification of phonemes”
Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speech sounds
The meaning of the phoneme
Classification of the phonemes

1. Articulatory and physiological mechanisms of speech sounds
What cannot be speech formed without from physiological viewpoint?

4 basic speech mechanisms

Power mechanism
Can you name?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7

Power mechanism
Can you name?
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Diaphragm [‘daiәfǣm]
Bronchi [ˈbrɒŋkaɪ]
Windpipe
Glottis
Larynx
Mouth cavity
Nasal cavity

Vibrator mechanism
Consists of vocal cords
What are the vocal cords?
Vocal cords are two horizontal folds of elastic tissue (Leontieva)

130 – man, 230- woman
230-man, 130- woman
250-man, 150- woman
150-man, 250-woman
What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?

130 – man, 230- woman
230-man, 130- woman
250-man, 150- woman
150-man, 250-woman
What is the average cord vibration per second for the man and women?

Resonator mechanism
consists of:
the pharynx,
the larynx,
the mouth cavity
the nasal cavity.

Resonator mechanism

Obstructer mechanism
consists of the tongue (blade with the tip, front, back):
the lips,
the teeth,
the soft palate with the uvula,
the hard palate,
the alveolar ridge.

Obstructer mechanism
Match, please:
-Blade with the tip of the tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge

Obstructer mechanism
Match, please:
-Blade with the tip of the tongue
-Back of the tongue/dorsum
-front of the tongue
-lips
-teeth
-uvula
-soft palate
-hard palate
-alveolar ridge

2. The meaning of the phoneme
Phoneme is …

Classical definition of the phoneme (V.A. Vassilyev)

Why do we need
phonemes?

3 articulatory criteria:
Articulatory differences between vowels, consonants and sonorants depend on the 3 articulatory criteria:
1. the presence or absence of an articulatory obstruction to the air stream in the larynx;
2. the concentrated or diffused character of muscular tension;
3. the force of exhalation.

3. Classification of phonemes

Consonant
sounds in the production of which
a) there is an articulatory obstruction to the air stream (complete or incomplete),
b) muscular tension is concentrated in the place of obstruction;
c) the exhaling force is rather strong.

Vowels
sounds in the production of which
a) there is no articulatory obstruction to the air stream;
b) muscular tension is concentrated more or less evenly throughout the supra-glottal part of the speech apparatus;
c) the exhaling force is rather weak

Sonorants
sounds intermediate between noise consonants and vowels because they have features common to both.
There is an obstruction, but not narrow enough to produce noise. Muscular tension is concentrated in the place of obstruction, but the exhaling force is rather weak.
English sonorants are [m, n, ŋ, l, w, r, j].

Articulatory and physiological classification
Articulatory and physiological classification of English consonants according to the following pronounles:
I. Work of the vocal cords and the force of exhalation.
II. Active organ of speech and the place of obstructor.
III. Manner of noise production and the type of obstruction with the following subdivisions:
(1) voice or noise prevalence
(2) number of noise producing foci
(3) shape of the narrowing
IV. Position of the soft palate

Classification of consonants
III. From the point of view of the closure consonants may be of
(1) occlusive when complete closure is made (p, b, t, d, k, g, m, ŋ);
(2) constrictive, when the closure is incomplete (f, r, θ, w, l, r);
(3) occlusive-constrictive or affricates, when the combination of 2 closures takes place [t∫, d ];
(4) rolled-intermittent closure – Russian p. Some phonetic include in the 3rd group lateral, nasals and semivowels.

Classification of consonants
IV. – Oral-soft palate is raised and the air passes through the larynx and month cavity
- Nasal consonants – soft palate is lowered and the air passes through the nasal cavity [m, n, ŋ]

I. Consonant are subdivided into
- voiced – vocal cords are drawn together and vibrate
- voiceless – vocal cords are apart and don’t vibrate
Voiced consonants are also called “fortis” (Latin) – the force of exhalation is greater and “lenis” – soft, when the force of exhalating is weaker.
II. Consonant are classified into:
- labial – bilabial and labio-dental
- lingual – a) forelingual – dorsal, , θ, apiсal, cacuminal
b) medio-lingual
c) backlingual
- pharyngal or glottal – h

Classification of Consonants

Articulatory and physiological classification of English vowels

Classification of vowels
I. According to the stability of articulation all English vowels are divided into 3 groups:
1. Pure vowels or monophthongs (12)
2. Diphthongs (8)
3. Diphthongoids (2)

Monophthongs
Monophthongs are vowels the articulation of which is almost unchanging. The quality of such vowels is relatively pure.
The English monophthongs are [i, e, æ, ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, ʌ, ɜ:, ə, ʊ].

Diphthongs
In the pronunciation of diphthongs the organs of speech glide from one vowel position to another within one syllable. The starting point, the nucleus, is strong and distinct. The glide which shows the direction of the quality change is weak.
The English diphthongs are [ei, ai, ɔi, aʊ, iə, ɛə, ʊə].

Diphthongoids
In the pronunciation of diphthongoids the articulation is slightly changing but the difference between the starting point and the end is not distinct as it is in the case of diphthongs. English diphthongoids are [i:, u:].
In Russian the initial [o] may serve as an example of a Russian diphthongoid in the word “очень”.

According to the tongue position English vowels may be:
1. Front vowels: [i:, e, æ] – the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and the front part of it is raised to the hard palate.
2. Front-retracted vowels: [i] – the tongue is in the front part of the mouth and is slightly retracted and the part of the tongue is nearer to front is raised.
3. Central vowel: [ʌ, ɜ:, ə,]
4. Back vowels: [ɑ:, ɒ, ɔ:, u:]
5. Back-advanced vowels: [ʊ]

Classification based on different height towards the roof of the mouth
(close, mid, open vowels).
broad and narrow variants of close, mid and open vowels.
There are:

III. Classification of vowels according to the lip position :
1. Unrounded vowels [i:, i, e, æ, ɑ:, ʌ, ɜ:, ə ] – the lips are neutral or spread.
2. Rounded vowels [ɒ, ɔ:, ʊ, u:] - lips are protruded.

IV. Classification according to the vowel end
The quality of all monophthongs in the stressed position is strongly affected by the following consonant of the same syllable. According to the character of vowel end the vowels may be:
1. Checked (better, cart) – a stressed vowel is followed by a strong voiceless consonant and a vowel is cut off by it.
2. Free (before, money,begger, bead) – a vowel is followed by a weak consonant or by no consonant and the end of it is weak. Such vowels are in closed syllables ending in a voiced consonant or in an open syllable.

V. Classification according to the length
the vowels may be:
1. Long [i; ɑ:, ɔ:, u:, ɜ:]
2. Short [i, e, ɒ , ʊ, ʌ, ə]