Слайд 2
![BASIC LITERATURE Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-1.jpg)
BASIC LITERATURE
Аракин В.Д. Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков /
В.Д. Аракин. – Л. : Просвещение, 1989. – 259 с.
Жлуктенко Ю.О. Порівняльна граматика англійської та української мов /
Ю.О. Жлуктенко. – К., 1960. – 160 с.
Корунець І.В. Порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов /
І.В. Корунець. – Київ : Либідь, 1995. – 238 с.
Корунець І.В. Порівняльна типологія англійської та української мов /
І.В. Корунець. – Вінниця : Нова Книга, 2003. – 464 с.
Левицький А.Е. Порівняльна граматика англійської та української мов :
Навчальний посібник / А.Е. Левицький. – К. : Видавничо-
поліграфічний центр: ‘‘Київський університет’’, 2008. – 264 с.
Слайд 3
![ADDITIONAL LITERATURE Волкова Л.М. Теоретична грамматика англійської мови: Сучасний підхід.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-2.jpg)
ADDITIONAL LITERATURE
Волкова Л.М. Теоретична грамматика англійської мови: Сучасний
підхід. –
Навчальний посібник / Л.М. Волкова. – К. :
‘‘Освіта України’’, 2009. – 256 с.
Гуревич В.В. Теоретическая грамматика английского языка.
Сравнительная типология английского и русского языков /
В.В. Гуревич. – М. : Флинта, Наука, 2007. – 168 с.
Камчатнов А.М., Николина Н.А. Структурная типология языков //
Введение в языкознание. – М. : Флинта, Наука, 2008. –
229 c.
Мечковская Н.Б. Общее языкознание. Структурная и социальная
типология языков / Н.Б. Мечковская. – М. : Флинта,
Наука, 2008. – 312 с.
Практическая фонетика английского языка / М.А. Соколова,
К.П. Гинтовт, Л.А. Кантер и др. – М. : ВЛАДОС, 1997. – 384 с.
Слайд 4
![PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS (from Korunets 2003) Seminar 2 - ex. 4,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-3.jpg)
PRACTICAL ASSIGNMENTS
(from Korunets 2003)
Seminar 2 - ex. 4, 6, 8, 13,
15 pp. 112-115
Seminar 3 - ex. 1, 3, 7, 8 pp. 173-177
Seminar 4 - ex. 2, 6-10 pp. 276-280
Seminar 5 – ex. 2, 3, 5, 6 pp. 451-454
Слайд 5
![CONTRASTIVE TYPOLOGY, ITS AIMS AND TASKS. VARIOUS TYPOLOGIES](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-4.jpg)
CONTRASTIVE TYPOLOGY,
ITS AIMS AND TASKS.
VARIOUS TYPOLOGIES
Слайд 6
![THE OUTLINE The object and the subject of contrastive typology,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-5.jpg)
THE OUTLINE
The object and the subject of contrastive typology, its aims
and tasks.
Typological constants of contrastive typology.
The main branches of typological investigation.
4. Correlation between
1) the type of the language,
2) the language type,
3) the typical in the languages.
Слайд 7
![The hypothesis of the unified language UKRAINIAN ВОВК RUSSIAN ВОЛК](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-6.jpg)
The hypothesis of the unified language
UKRAINIAN ВОВК
RUSSIAN ВОЛК
BULGARIAN ВЪЛК
SERBIAN ВУК
CZECH ВЛК
POLISH WILK
LITHUANIAN VILKAS
LETTISH VILKS
GERMAN WOLF
ENGLISH WOLF
GOTHIC WULFS
ALBANIAN ULK
Слайд 8
![The task the result of typological investigations If we set](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-7.jpg)
The task the result
of typological investigations
If we set ourselves
a task to show up all regularities (закономірності) and singularities (відмінності) in the languages contrasted,
we’ll get a set of characteristics according to which we can distinguish one group of languages from another.
Слайд 9
![Different languages ‘‘Different languages are not different designations of the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-8.jpg)
Different languages
‘‘Different languages are not different
designations of the thing, they are
different views
(impressions,
understandings)
of this thing’’
(W. von Humboldt).
Слайд 10
![Nomination English Ukrainian Spyhole вічко (рос.дверной глазок) Bread-maker годувальник To](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-9.jpg)
Nomination
English Ukrainian
Spyhole вічко (рос.дверной глазок)
Bread-maker годувальник
To take
a bus сідати на автобус
To lie in the sun загорати
Sweetheart кохана/ий
Brown bread чорний хліб
Granulated sugar цукор-пісок
Egg-plant баклажан
Слайд 11
![Modern tendencies A contrastive investigation of languages has become one](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-10.jpg)
Modern tendencies
A contrastive investigation of languages has become one of the
most attractive areas of today’s linguistics (+contrastive pragmatics).
A contrastive study of languages is the research of different world pictures, unique linguistic cultures, ethnic peculiarities of perception of the environment.
Слайд 12
![Different studies Linguistic typology Historical and comparative linguistics Contrastive typology](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-11.jpg)
Different studies
Linguistic typology
Historical and comparative linguistics
Contrastive typology
Слайд 13
![Linguistic typology (the subject) 1) Classification of the main, essential](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-12.jpg)
Linguistic typology
(the subject)
1) Classification of the main,
essential features of
languages and
2) revealing the linguistic regularities in them
Слайд 14
![Linguistic typology is the study of types of languages (types of language structures)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-13.jpg)
Linguistic typology
is the study
of types of languages
(types of
language structures)
Слайд 15
![The aim of Linguistic typology to provide the classification of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-14.jpg)
The aim of Linguistic typology
to provide the classification
of
the languages of different types, irrespective of their genealogical relationship
Слайд 16
![‘‘The language type’’ as the basic notion of linguistic typology](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-15.jpg)
‘‘The language type’’
as the basic notion of linguistic typology
can
be understood
as the language structure with an accent
on its dominating features
Слайд 17
![e.g. Turkic languages (dominant features ) 1) monosemantic and standard](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-16.jpg)
e.g. Turkic languages
(dominant features )
1) monosemantic and standard suffixes, so called
‘‘stickers’’,
2) a strictly prescribed order of suffixes etc.
(okul ‘‘школа’’,
okullar ‘‘школи’’,
okullarimiz ‘‘наші школи’’,
okullarimizda ‘‘в наших школах”)
These features are permanent for Turkic languages, so it is possible to contrast them to another group of languages.
Слайд 18
![The object of any typological investigation (linguistic or contrastive) The](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-17.jpg)
The object of any typological investigation (linguistic or contrastive)
The object
of typological investigation may be:
a separate language feature or phenomenon pertained to some genealogically close or genealogically far languages,
separate features, language units or phenomena pertained to both living and one or two dead languages,
language / languages.
Therefore, the object of typological investigation may be:
a restricted object of investigation or
an extensive language material
Слайд 19
![The stages (aims) of typological investigations to identify the main](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-18.jpg)
The stages (aims) of typological investigations
to identify the main isomorphic
and allomorphic features characteristic of the languages under investigation;
to draw from these common or divergent features respectively the isomorphic regularities (закономірності) and the allomorphic singularities (відмінності) in the languages contrasted;
to establish on the basis of the obtained isomorphic features the typical language structures and the types of languages;
to perform on the basis of the obtained practical data a truly scientific classification of the existing languages in the world;
to establish the universal features pertained to each single language in the world.
Слайд 20
![Historical and comparative linguistics the study about the genealogical kinship](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-19.jpg)
Historical and comparative linguistics
the study about the genealogical kinship of some
languages, it aims at establishing the parent language;
it also studies the obligate changes in phonology, grammar and the word-stock of the daughter languages under investigation
Слайд 21
![Contrastive typology Contrastive typology (порівняльна типологія) represents a linguistic subject](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-20.jpg)
Contrastive typology
Contrastive typology
(порівняльна типологія)
represents a linguistic subject of typology
based on
the method of comparison
or contrasting.
Слайд 22
![The subject of contrastive typology Like linguistic typology contrastive typology](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-21.jpg)
The subject
of contrastive typology
Like linguistic typology
contrastive typology
also aims at establishing the structural types of the contrasted languages on the basis of their dominant or common phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic features.
Слайд 23
![The оbject of contrastive typology Apart from linguistic typology contrastive](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-22.jpg)
The оbject
of contrastive typology
Apart from linguistic typology
contrastive typology
may equally treat:
common features only as well as divergent phenomena only;
languages of the same structural type as well as languages of different structural types.
Слайд 24
![The final aims of contrastive investigations (two first points from](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-23.jpg)
The final aims
of contrastive investigations
(two first points from
the aims of linguistic typology)
to identify the main isomorphic and allomorphic features characteristic of the languages under investigation;
to draw from these common or divergent features respectively the isomorphic regularities (закономірності) and the allomorphic singularities (відмінності) in the languages contrasted.
Слайд 25
![Practical aims of contrastive investigations to supply the ground for](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-24.jpg)
Practical aims
of contrastive investigations
to supply the ground for
translation theory and practice;
to foresee and overcome unnecessary interference of languages in teaching practice.
e.g. the cases taken from Nigel Turton. The ABC of Common Grammatical errors:
Слайд 26
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-25.jpg)
Слайд 27
![The number of investigated languages The number of different languages](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-26.jpg)
The number of investigated languages
The number of different
languages which
can be
simultaneously subjected to
typological contrasting
is not limited.
Слайд 28
![The plane of investigation The languages or some of their](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-27.jpg)
The plane of investigation
The languages or some of their features /
phenomena may be contrasted
either synchronically
or diachronically.
Слайд 29
![TYPOLOGICAL CONSTANTS (The notion of etalon language. Language universals and their kinds …)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-28.jpg)
TYPOLOGICAL CONSTANTS
(The notion of etalon language. Language universals and their kinds
…)
Слайд 30
![TYPOLOGICAL CONSTANTS Absolute universals (абсолютнi унiверсалiї) Near universals (неповнi/частковi унiверсалiї)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-29.jpg)
TYPOLOGICAL CONSTANTS
Absolute universals (абсолютнi унiверсалiї)
Near universals (неповнi/частковi унiверсалiї)
Typologically dominant features (типол.
домiнанти)
Typologically recessive features
Isomorphic features (iзоморфічнi риси)
Allomorphic features (aломорфічнi риси)
Unique features (унiкалiї)
The etalon language (мова-еталон)
Metalanguage (метамова)
Слайд 31
![Absolute universals features or phenomena of a language level pertaining](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-30.jpg)
Absolute universals
features or phenomena of a language level pertaining to
any language of the world:
vowels and consonants,
word-stress and
utterance stress,
parts of the sentences,
parts of speech etc.
Слайд 32
![The absolute universals of the phonological level are: in each](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-31.jpg)
The absolute universals of the phonological level are:
in each language
CV syllable type can be found,
2) the consonantal minimal set comprises
plosives /p/, /t/, /k/,
fricative /f/ and
sonorant /j/.
Слайд 33
![The absolute universals of the morphological level are: 1) in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-32.jpg)
The absolute universals of the morphological level are:
1) in all
languages words can be classified into parts of speech,
2) The most frequent noun category is the category of number,
3) the most frequent verb category is the category of tense,
4) in all languages pronouns are available.
Слайд 34
![The absolute universals of the syntactic level in any language](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-33.jpg)
The absolute universals of the syntactic level
in any language there exist
the class of conjunctions,
2) constructions of comparison can be found in any language.
Слайд 35
![Near universals features or phenomena common in many or some](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-34.jpg)
Near universals
features or phenomena common in many or some languages under
typological investigation.
For instance,
1) in most languages there is a nasalized consonant,
2) in a great number of languages two vocalic phonemes can be found,
3) if the noun in a language can be characterized by the category of gender, the same category can be applied to analyze the pronoun.
Слайд 36
![Typologically dominant features features or phenomena dominating at a language](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-35.jpg)
Typologically dominant features
features or phenomena dominating at a language level or
in the structure of one/some contrasted languages.
Analytical means
are known to be dominant
in present-day English.
Слайд 37
![He will not dance. Future simple The auxiliary Will The fixed order](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-36.jpg)
He
will
not
dance.
Future simple
The auxiliary Will
The fixed order
Слайд 38
![English VS Ukrainian The change of placement of the part](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-37.jpg)
English VS Ukrainian
The change of placement of the part of the
sentence may completely change its sense:
e.g. The hunter killed the bear ≠
The bear killed the hunter
Compare in Ukrainian:
Мисливець убив ведмедя =
Ведмедя убив мисливець
NB case, gender and number categories in Ukrainian are expressed by means of inflexions (братові книги, він співав – вона співала ).
Слайд 39
![Typologically recessive features features or phenomena losing their former dominant](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-38.jpg)
Typologically recessive features
features or phenomena losing their former dominant role:
dual
number in Ukrainian:
вербá – вéрби (мн.) – 2,3,4 вербú;
case forms in English.
Слайд 40
![Isomorphic features common features or phenomena in languages under contrastive](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-39.jpg)
Isomorphic features
common features or phenomena in languages under contrastive analysis.
Isomorphic
in English and in Ukrainian:
assimilation,
categories of number / person / tense,
parts of speech,
the existence of sentences etc.
Слайд 41
![Allomorphic features features or phenomena which are observed in one](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-40.jpg)
Allomorphic features
features or phenomena which are observed in one language and
missing in the other.
For example, English
Gerund,
Diphthongs,
Analytical verb forms
are completely missing in Ukrainian.
Слайд 42
![Unique features features or phenomena which can be found only](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-41.jpg)
Unique features
features or phenomena which can be found only in one
definite language and nowhere else.
For example,
the final position of prepositions
in English questions.
Слайд 43
![The etalon language a hypothetic language creatеd by typologists for](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-42.jpg)
The etalon language
a hypothetic language creatеd by typologists for the sake
of conveniencies of contrasting any language.
This ‘‘language’’ is supposed to contain exhaustive quantitative and qualitative data or characteristics concerning all existing language units and phenomena.
Слайд 44
![Metalanguage the language on the basis of which the actual](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-43.jpg)
Metalanguage
the language on the basis of which the actual presentation of
different features of the contrasted languages is carried out.
In our case it is English.
Слайд 45
![KINDS OF TYPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-44.jpg)
KINDS OF
TYPOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS
Слайд 46
![Universal typology investigates all the languages of the world and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-45.jpg)
Universal typology
investigates all the languages of the world and aims
at singling out in them such features/phenomena which are common in all languages (absolute universals).
Слайд 47
![Special or charactereological typology usually investigates concrete languages, as a](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-46.jpg)
Special or charactereological typology
usually investigates concrete languages, as a rule the
native tongue.
The language on the basis of which the description of isomorphic and allomorphic features is performed is referred to as metalanguage.
Слайд 48
![General typology has for its object of investigation the most](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-47.jpg)
General typology
has for its object of investigation the most general phonetic,
morphological, lexical, syntactic or stylistic features.
This typological approach was introduced by the German scholar
W. Humboldt.
Слайд 49
![Partial typology investigates a restricted number of language features/phenomena (different](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-48.jpg)
Partial typology
investigates a restricted number of language features/phenomena (different levels),
e.g.
the system of vowels/consonants,
the syntactic level units.
Слайд 50
![Areal typology investigates common and divergent features of languages of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-49.jpg)
Areal typology
investigates common and divergent features of languages of a particular
geographical area with respect to their mutual influence of one language upon the other.
Слайд 51
![Structural typology has for its object: means of grammatical expression,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-50.jpg)
Structural typology
has for its object:
means of grammatical expression,
the
order of constituent parts at the level of words,
word-combinations,
sentences.
Слайд 52
![Functional typology investigates: the frequency of linguistic units in speech,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-51.jpg)
Functional typology
investigates:
the frequency of linguistic units in speech,
the regularities /
peculiarities of their use.
Слайд 53
![Content typology Investigates the types of possible meanings expressed by](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-52.jpg)
Content typology
Investigates the types of possible meanings expressed by various linguistic
units in the contrasted languages.
Слайд 54
![Qualitative typology establishes predominant features (phonetic, morphological, syntactic) in the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-53.jpg)
Qualitative typology
establishes predominant features (phonetic, morphological, syntactic) in the contrasted languages.
Therefore languages are found to be vocalic, consonental etc.
Слайд 55
![Quantitative typology identified by the American linguist J.Greenberg, investigates the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-54.jpg)
Quantitative typology
identified by the American linguist J.Greenberg,
investigates
the quantitative correlation of
some features or phenomena and their dominant role in the contrasted languages.
Слайд 56
![CORRELATION BETWEEN: THE TYPE OF THE LANGUAGE, THE LANGUAGE TYPE, THE TYPICAL IN THE LANGUAGE](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-55.jpg)
CORRELATION
BETWEEN:
THE TYPE OF THE LANGUAGE,
THE LANGUAGE TYPE,
THE
TYPICAL IN THE LANGUAGE
Слайд 57
![The type of the language (тип мови) is the principal](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-56.jpg)
The type of the language
(тип мови)
is the principal term
for hystorical and comparative linguistics and is understood as a fixed set of main features of a language under diachronical study, when the presence or absence of a feature is predetermined by the historical development of the language:
e.g.
disappearing of the category of case in Old English → disappearing of the declensions of nouns, adjectives → fixed word order
Слайд 58
![The language type (мовний тип) is understood as a fixed](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-57.jpg)
The language type
(мовний тип)
is understood as a fixed set of
main features of a language, which predetermine its structural organization, thus employed by linguistic typology:
e.g. flexional,
agglutinative,
isolating,
polysynthetic languages
Слайд 59
![The typical in the language (типове в мовi) that is](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-58.jpg)
The typical in the language
(типове в мовi)
that is the presence
of some dominant features in one language which correspond to the recessive/non-characteristic features of a language of another type:
e.g. the Future Simple in English and Ukrainian:
In Ukrainian the verb ‘‘бути’’ can be used to form analytically the future form of the verb (буду писати, буду одягатися) and the words ‘‘бiльш, найбiльш’’ to produce the comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives (бiльш, найбiльш начитаний).
In English the demonstrative pronoun is agreed with the noun in number (this boy – these boys, that girl – those girls).
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![The end To be continued…](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-59.jpg)
The end
To be continued…
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![Thanks for your attention!:)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/16717/slide-60.jpg)
Thanks for your attention!:)