Разделы презентаций

Презентация на тему LECTURE 2 Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes. Lecture 2

Содержание

1. LECTURE 2 Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes. Lecture 2
2. 1. Old English Vowels and Consonants.
3. VOWELS The monophthongs are: a æ e
4. CONSONANTS The system of consonants in
5. CONSONANTS 2. The absence of affricates (аффрикаты)
6. CONSONANTS hlāf, oft [f] – hlaford, lifde [v]
7. CONSONANTS b) the letter ʒ was pronounced
8. CONSONANTS 4. Double consonants were read
9. 2. Phonetic Changes in Old English Vowels.
10. FRACTURE OE fracture is diphthongization of short
11. FRACTURE e>eo before the clusters ‘r, l,
12. PALATALIZATION Palatalization is diphthongization after palatal consonants
13. MUTATION (UMLAUT) Mutation is the change of
14. I-MUTATION The most important type of mutation
15. I-MUTATION When the speaker begins to articulate
16. BACK MUTATION Another type of mutation was
17. BACK MUTATION These are the examples of
18. MUTATION BEFORE h There’s no satisfactory explanation
19. Quantitative Changes in OE Vowels Quantitative
20. LENGTHENING 2. It took place
21. LENGTHENING 3. Lengthening took place in case
22. 3. Phonetic Changes in OE Consonants
23. Voicing and Devoicing of Fricatives In OE
24. Palatalization The velar consonants [k, g, g:,
25. Assimilation Assimilation is a process when two
26. Quantitative Сhanges of OE Consonants These
27. Syncopation Syncopation is shortening of a
28. Simplification Simplification is shortening at the beginning
29. Metathesis Metathesis is a phonetic change
30. Gemination Gemination is doubling of consonants. This
42. Скачать презентацию
43. Похожие презентации

1. Old English Vowels and Consonants. The Old English sound system, consisting of vowels and consonants, developed from the PG (Proto-Germanic) system. Old English vowels are divided into monophthongs and diphthongs. They could be long and short.

Главная
Английский язык
LECTURE 2 Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes. Lecture 2

LECTURE 2
Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes

1. Old English Vowels
and Consonants. The Old English sound system, consisting of vowels

VOWELS The monophthongs are: a æ e i u y o å ā ǣ ē

CONSONANTS
The system of consonants in OE manifested the following peculiarities.
1. The consonants

CONSONANTS 2. The absence of affricates (аффрикаты) and sibilants (свистящие, шипящие). 3. Dependence of the

CONSONANTS hlāf, oft [f] – hlaford, lifde [v] tōþ [θ] – tōþes [ð] ʒōs [s] – ʒōses [z] But

CONSONANTS b) the letter ʒ was pronounced in 3 ways. as the voiced velar

CONSONANTS
4. Double consonants were read as long: settian [t:], steppan [p:]. 5. Instead

2. Phonetic Changes in Old English Vowels. The phonetic changes in the vowels system were

$FRACTURE OE fracture is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (кластеры, группы).$ FRACTURE e>eo before the clusters ‘r, l, h+consonant’, and h final: herte>heorte ‘heart’, melcan>meocan

FRACTURE e>eo before the clusters ‘r, l, h+consonant’, and h final: herte>heorte ‘heart’, melcan>meocan

PALATALIZATION Palatalization is diphthongization after palatal consonants [j,k] and the cluster [sk]. e>ie: ʒefan>ʒiefan

MUTATION (UMLAUT) Mutation is the change of one vowel to another through the influence of

I-MUTATION The most important type of mutation is that caused by an i (j) of

I-MUTATION When the speaker begins to articulate the u, he at the same time anticipates

BACK MUTATION Another type of mutation was caused by a back vowel (a, o, u)

BACK MUTATION These are the examples of back-mutation: i>io hira>hiora (heora)‘their’, sifon>siofon ‘seven’ e>eo herot>heorot ‘heart’ a>ea saru>searu

MUTATION BEFORE h There’s no satisfactory explanation for the essence of this type of mutation.

Quantitative Changes in OE Vowels Quantitative changes in OE vowels are represented by lengthening.

LENGTHENING 2. It took place if some consonants were lost. a) The vowels

LENGTHENING 3. Lengthening took place in case of contraction (стяжение). If, after a consonant had

3. Phonetic Changes in OE Consonants Qualitative changes: *voicing and devoicing of fricatives *palatalization

Voicing and Devoicing of Fricatives In OE the fricatives f, s, Þ were subjected (подверглись)

Palatalization The velar consonants [k, g, g:, х] were palatalized before a front vowel and

Assimilation Assimilation is a process when two adjacent consonants within a word influence each other

Quantitative Сhanges of OE Consonants These include * loss of consonants: a) syncopation (синкопа)

Syncopation Syncopation is shortening of a word through the loss of a sound in

Simplification Simplification is shortening at the beginning of a word. H is lost in hl,

Metathesis Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds exchanging their places.

Gemination Gemination is doubling of consonants. This process accompanied i-mutation. It takes place only if

LECTURE 2 Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes. Lecture 2

Слайды и текст этой презентации

Слайд 1 LECTURE 2 Old English Phonetic System and Phonetic Changes

Слайд 2 1. Old English Vowels and Consonants.
The Old English

1. Old English Vowels
and Consonants.The Old English sound system, consisting of vowels and

sound system, consisting of vowels and consonants, developed from

the PG (Proto-Germanic) system.
Old English vowels are divided into

monophthongs and diphthongs. They could be long and short.

Слайд 3 VOWELS
The monophthongs are: a æ e i u

VOWELSThe monophthongs are: a æ e i u y o å ā ǣ ē ī ū

y o
å ā ǣ ē ī ū ȳ ō
The

diphthongs are: ea eo ie io
ēā ēō īē īō
In

OE there existed a parallelism between short and long vowels (except for a). In the diphthong the 2nd element was more open than the first.

Слайд 4 CONSONANTS
The system of consonants in OE manifested the

CONSONANTS
The system of consonants in OE manifested the following peculiarities.
1. The consonants were

following peculiarities. 1. The consonants were divided into:
labial (губные)

sounds – p, b, m, w, f, v;
velar (задненёбные)

and palatal (нёбные) – k, h, g, ɣ, j;
dental (зубные) – t, d, r, l, n, s, z, θ,ð.

Слайд 5 CONSONANTS
2. The absence of affricates (аффрикаты) and sibilants

CONSONANTS2. The absence of affricates (аффрикаты) and sibilants (свистящие, шипящие).3. Dependence of the quality of

(свистящие, шипящие).
3. Dependence of the quality of the consonants

on the environment (окружение) in the word:
a) phonemes, denoted by

the letters f, þ (ð), s could be voiced or voiceless. They were voiced in the intervocal position. This position could be made up of a vowel and a voiced consonant.

Слайд 6 CONSONANTS
hlāf, oft [f] – hlaford, lifde [v]
tōþ [θ] – tōþes [ð]
ʒōs

CONSONANTS hlāf, oft [f] – hlaford, lifde [v] tōþ [θ] – tōþes [ð] ʒōs [s] – ʒōses [z]But doubled consonants were always

[s] – ʒōses [z]
But doubled consonants were always voicelss: offrian

[f:] (предлагать), sceþþan [θ:] (вредить), cyssan [s:] (целовать).

Слайд 7 CONSONANTS
b) the letter ʒ was pronounced in 3

CONSONANTSb) the letter ʒ was pronounced in 3 ways. as the voiced velar plosive variant

ways.
as the voiced velar plosive variant [g] at

the beginning of the word, before back vowels (a, o,

u) and consonants, in the middle of the word after n:
[g] – ʒōd, ʒrētan, ʒanʒan
as the voiced velar fricative variant [ɣ] in the middle of the word after back vowels and consonants [r, l]:
[ɣ] – daʒas, sloʒ, sorʒ, folʒan
as the voiced palatal fricative variant [j] before and after front vowels:
[j] – ʒēār, dæʒ

Слайд 8 CONSONANTS
4. Double consonants were read as long: settian

CONSONANTS
4. Double consonants were read as long: settian [t:], steppan [p:]. 5. Instead of doubled

[t:], steppan [p:].
5. Instead of doubled ʒ, cʒ was

written: lecʒan [g’:] (положить)
6. The prefix ʒe- was read as

[je] and did not influence the pronunciation of the following consonant: ʒeseʒlian [je 'sejlian].

Слайд 9 2. Phonetic Changes in Old English Vowels.
The phonetic

2. Phonetic Changes in Old English Vowels. The phonetic changes in the vowels system were qualitative

changes in the vowels system were qualitative (качественные) and

quantitative (количественные).
The qualitative changes are
fracture (breaking) (преломление)
palatalization (палатализация)
*mutation/umlaut (умлаут)

Слайд 10 FRACTURE
OE fracture is diphthongization of short vowels before

$FRACTURE OE fracture is diphthongization of short vowels before certain consonant clusters (кластеры, группы). æ >ea$

certain consonant clusters (кластеры, группы).
æ >ea before

‘r +consonant’, ‘l+consonant’, ‘h+consonant’ and before final h:
ærm>earm ‘arm’,

æld>eald ‘old’, æhta>eahta ‘eight’, sæh>seah ‘saw’.

Слайд 11 FRACTURE
e>eo before the clusters ‘r, l, h+consonant’, and

FRACTUREe>eo before the clusters ‘r, l, h+consonant’, and h final: herte>heorte ‘heart’, melcan>meocan ‘milk’(v), selh>seolh

h final:
herte>heorte ‘heart’, melcan>meocan ‘milk’(v), selh>seolh ‘seal’, feh>feoh

‘cattle’, ‘property’.
The essence of fracture is that the front vowels

are partially assimilated to the following hard consonant by forming a glide, which combines with the vowel to form a diphthong.

Слайд 12 PALATALIZATION
Palatalization is diphthongization after palatal consonants [j,k] and

PALATALIZATIONPalatalization is diphthongization after palatal consonants [j,k] and the cluster [sk]. e>ie: ʒefan>ʒiefan ‘give’, ʒeldan>ʒieldan

the cluster [sk].
e>ie: ʒefan>ʒiefan ‘give’, ʒeldan>ʒieldan ‘pay’
æ>ea: ʒæf>ʒeaf

‘gave’, cæster>ceaster ‘camp’, scæl>sceal ‘shall’
æ>ea: ʒæfon>ʒeafon ‘gave’ (pl.)
a>ea: scacan>sceacan ‘shake’
o>eo:

scort>sceort ‘short”

Слайд 13 MUTATION (UMLAUT)
Mutation is the change of one vowel

MUTATION (UMLAUT)Mutation is the change of one vowel to another through the influence of a

to another through the influence of a vowel in

the succeeding syllable (последующий слог).
It was of three types:
1)

i-mutation (palatal mutation)
2) back mutation
3) mutation before h

Слайд 14 I-MUTATION
The most important type of mutation is that

I-MUTATION The most important type of mutation is that caused by an i (j) of the

caused by an i (j) of the following syllable.

Let’s study the mechanism of i-mutation, taking the change fullian>fyllan

‘fill’ as an example. The vowel u is articulated by raising the back of the tongue together with rounding the lips. The sound i requires raising the front of the tongue.

Слайд 15 I-MUTATION
When the speaker begins to articulate the u,

I-MUTATION When the speaker begins to articulate the u, he at the same time anticipates (предвидеть)the

he at the same time anticipates (предвидеть)the articulation needed

for i and raises the front of the tongue instead

of its back. The lip-rounding is preserved. The result is the vowel y.

Слайд 16 BACK MUTATION
Another type of mutation was caused by

BACK MUTATIONAnother type of mutation was caused by a back vowel (a, o, u) of

a back vowel (a, o, u) of the following

syllable. The essence of it is the following. The articulation

of the back vowel is anticipated in the preceding front vowel, which accordingly develops into a diphthong.

Слайд 17 BACK MUTATION
These are the examples of back-mutation:
i>io hira>hiora (heora)‘their’,

sifon>siofon ‘seven’
e>eo herot>heorot ‘heart’
a>ea saru>searu ‘armour’

Слайд 18 MUTATION BEFORE h
There’s no satisfactory explanation for the

MUTATION BEFORE h There’s no satisfactory explanation for the essence of this type of mutation. This

essence of this type of mutation. This is an

example of such a change.
naht>neaht, nieht, niht, nyht ‘night’
It may

be due to a palatal quality of the h or due to an i which was probably a case ending (падежное окончание) in the original type of declension (склонение) to which the word belonged.

Слайд 19 Quantitative Changes in OE Vowels
Quantitative changes in

Quantitative Changes in OE Vowels Quantitative changes in OE vowels are represented by lengthening. Lengthening

OE vowels are represented by lengthening.
Lengthening took place

in certain positions in the 9th century.
1. Vowels are lengthened

before the clusters ld, nd, mb:
cild>cīld ‘child’
bindan>bīndan ‘bind’
climban>clīmban ‘climb’
But if the cluster was followed by another consonant, lengthening did not take place, as in cildru ‘children’.

Слайд 20 LENGTHENING

2. It took place if some consonants

LENGTHENING 2. It took place if some consonants were lost.a) The vowels were lengthened when

were lost.
a) The vowels were lengthened when ʒ was

lost before d,n.
sæʒde>sǣde ‘said’
mæʒden>mǣden ‘maiden’
b) The vowels were

lengthened when m,n were lost before f, s, Þ, h.
bronhte>brōhte ‘brought’, finf>fīf ‘five’, uns>ūs ‘us’, onÞer>ōÞer ‘other’.

Слайд 21 LENGTHENING
3. Lengthening took place in case of contraction

LENGTHENING3. Lengthening took place in case of contraction (стяжение). If, after a consonant had dropped,

(стяжение). If, after a consonant had dropped, two vowels

met inside a word, they usually contracted into one long

vowel.
ah+vowel>eah+vowel>ea
slahan>sleahan>slēāh ‘slay’ (бить, избивать)
eh, ih+vowel>eoh+vowel>eo sehan>seohan>sēōn ‘see’
oh+vowel>o fohan>fōn ‘catch’

Слайд 22 3. Phonetic Changes in OE Consonants

Qualitative changes:
*voicing and

devoicing of fricatives
palatalization
assimilation.

Слайд 23 Voicing and Devoicing of Fricatives
In OE the fricatives

Voicing and Devoicing of FricativesIn OE the fricatives f, s, Þ were subjected (подверглись) to

f, s, Þ were subjected (подверглись) to a process

of voicing and devoicing. They became voiced intervocally – between

vowels, sonorants and voiced consonants. In other positions they remained voiceless.
weorÞan – (становиться) [ð],
wearÞ (стал) - [θ]

Слайд 24 Palatalization
The velar consonants [k, g, g:, х] were

PalatalizationThe velar consonants [k, g, g:, х] were palatalized before a front vowel and approached

palatalized before a front vowel and approached (приближаться) affricates

in Late OE.
k>k’>ʧ cild ‘child’
sk>sk’>ʃ scip ‘ship’
g(g:)>g’(g:’)>dʒ senʒean ‘singe’

brycʒ ‘bridge’

Слайд 25 Assimilation
Assimilation is a process when two adjacent consonants

AssimilationAssimilation is a process when two adjacent consonants within a word influence each other in

within a word influence each other in such a

way that the articulation of one sound becomes similar to

or identical with the articulation of the other one.
For example,
fm>mm wifman>wimman ‘woman’;
fn>mn efn>emn ‘even’

Слайд 26 Quantitative Сhanges of OE Consonants
These include
* loss

Quantitative Сhanges of OE Consonants These include* loss of consonants:a) syncopation (синкопа)b) simplification (упрощение)*metathesis (метатеза)*gemination

of consonants:
a) syncopation (синкопа)
b) simplification (упрощение)
metathesis (метатеза)
gemination (геминация, удвоение)

Слайд 27 Syncopation
Syncopation is shortening of a word through

Syncopation Syncopation is shortening of a word through the loss of a sound in the

the loss of a sound in the middle of

the word e.g.:

friʒnan>frinan ‘ask’
sehan>seahan>seon ‘see’

Слайд 28 Simplification
Simplification is shortening at the beginning of a

SimplificationSimplification is shortening at the beginning of a word. H is lost in hl, hr:hlaford

word. H is lost in hl, hr:

hlaford >loverd ‘lord’
hring>ring

‘ring’

Слайд 29 Metathesis
Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists

Metathesis Metathesis is a phonetic change which consists in two sounds exchanging their places. It

in two sounds exchanging their places. It mainly affected

the consonant r and the succeeding vowel e.g.
Þridda> Þirda

‘третий’,
rinnan>irnan, iernan ‘бежать’.
Occasionally metathesis affected other sounds:
sk>ks wascan>waxan ‘wash’
ps> sp aps>asp 1. осина 2. гадюка, змея (разг.)