Syntax. Part 1 презентация

Syntax is a branch of Grammar that studies the patterns of formation of sentences and phrases from words as well as rules for this formation.

Syntax as part of Grammar
Syntagm ['sɪntæm] (Gr. sýntagma ‘that which is put together in order’) is a structured syntactic sequence of linguistic elements formed by segmentation
There are four main types of notional syntagmas:
predicative (the combination of a subject and a predicate),
objective (-/- a verb and its object),
attributive (a noun and attribute),
adverbial (a modified notional word, such as a verb, adjective, or adverb, with its adverbial modifier).

The phrase as the basic unit of syntax
The phrase is any syntactically organized group including either notional words (happy life, very nice, to ignore the comment), or both notional and functional words (on the table, in the bag, under the tree) connected with any of the existent types of syntactic connection. It is a linear language unit that can be either a part of the sentence, or a separate sentence (Very Good!) thus acquiring not only intonation coloring and corresponding phrase stress, but also communicative orientation.

The phrase as the basic unit of syntax
Noun Phrases- consists of a noun and all its modifiers: The bewildered tourist was lost.
Verb Phrases consists of a verb and all its modifiers. He was waiting for the rain to stop.
Gerund Phrases is simply a noun phrase that starts with a gerund. Taking my dog for a walk is fun.
Infinitive Phrases is a noun phrase that begins with an infinitive verb. To make lemonade, you have to start with lemons
Appositive Phrases restate and define a noun. They consist of one or more words. Her horse, an Arabian, was her pride and joy.
Participial Phrases begin with a past or present participle. Washed with my clothes, my cell phone no longer worked
Prepositional Phrases begin with a preposition and can act as a noun, an adjective or an adverb. The book was on the table.
Absolute Phrases has a subject, but not an action verb, so it cannot stand alone as a complete sentence. It modifies the whole sentence, not just a noun. Picnic basket in hand, she set off for her date.

Simple sentence and its types in English

Simple sentence and its types in English
According to the purpose of the utterance, sentences are:
• Declarative
• Interrogative
• The imperative
• Exclamatory

Sentence and its parts
Subject – a syntactic unit that functions as one of the two main constituents of a simple sentence, the other being the predicate, and that consists of a noun, noun phrase, or noun substitute which often refers to the one performing the action or being in the state expressed by the predicate, as He in He gave notice.
Simple :He gave notice
Complex :He is expected to arrive to-morrow.
‘Dummy’: It’s not raining, is it?
Compound Subjects: Rahul and Punit are going to college.

Sentence and its parts
The predicate serves to assert something about the subject is dependent on the subject and agrees with it in number and person

Sentence and its parts
Object is a noun, noun phrase, or noun substitute representing by its syntactical position either the goal of the action of a verb or the goal of a preposition in a prepositional phrase
Direct: Jack caught a fish
Indirect: Give her a fish
Object of a preposition: Cook without salt
Complex: He saw her enter the shop.

Sentence and its parts
Attribute - a word or phrase that is syntactically subordinate to another and serves to limit, identify, particularize, describe, or supplement the meaning of the form with which it is in construction

Sentence and its parts
An adverbial modifier is a secondary part of the sentence which modifies the verb-predicate, or a verbal in any of its functions, denoting the time, place, manner, etc. of an action
According to their meaning adverbial modifiers may be classified as follows:
a. Adverbial modifiers of place:
b. Adverbial modifiers of time:
c. Adverbial modifiers of manner or attending circumstances:
d. Adverbial modifiers of degree:
e. Adverbial modifiers of cause:
f. Adverbial modifiers of purpose:
g. Adverbial modifiers of measure (time, distance, cost, weight):
h. Adverbial modifiers of result:
i. Adverbial modifiers of condition:
j) Adverbial modifiers of concession:
к) Adverbial modifier of exclusion or substitution introduced by except, save, but, instead, etc.

Word order
Direct
(1) the subject;
(2) the predicate;
(3) objects;
(4) adverbial modifiers.
Inverted
And here comes the sun!!!

Compound sentences in English
A compound sentence consists of two or more independent sentences connected by way of co-ordination; each independent sentence is called an independent clause.
The clauses can be connected syndetically – with the help of conjunctions: (and, not only . . . but (also), neither . . . nor, now, then, or, otherwise, else, either . etc.
Neither the moon was visible in this dark night nor were the stars.
or a s y n d e t i c a l l y .
They appeared at the appointed time, everything was ready.

Complex sentences in English
A complex sentence formed by subordination consists of a principal clause and one or more subordinate clauses. The subordinate clause may either follow or precede the principal clause
Clauses can be connected syndetically :– with the help of conjunctions that, whether, if) b) conjunctive pronouns: who, what,:
He told me that they had arrived.
or asyndetically
I wish you had come earlier