Слайд 2
![Life is primordial; animals are ancient; humans are very recent](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-1.jpg)
Life is primordial; animals are ancient; humans are very recent
Слайд 3
![Evolution has been a controversial idea since 1859](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-2.jpg)
Evolution has been a controversial idea since 1859
Слайд 4
![How does evolution work? Lamarck: Changes arise through intentional action](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-3.jpg)
How does evolution work?
Lamarck:
Changes arise through intentional action
They’re preserved by being
passed on to descendants
Darwin:
Changes arise by chance
They’re preserved if they make the organism more able to leave descendants
Слайд 5
![Oyama: the theory of evolution is evolving Epigenetics and ‘Evo-Devo’ resemble Lamarkism](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-4.jpg)
Oyama: the theory of evolution is evolving
Epigenetics and ‘Evo-Devo’ resemble Lamarkism
Слайд 6
![If we grant our ancestors even a tiny fraction of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-5.jpg)
If we grant our ancestors even a tiny fraction of the
free will, consciousness and culture we humans experience,
the increase in complexity over the last several thousand million years
becomes easier to explain:
life is the product not only of blind physical forces
but also of selection in the sense that organisms choose.
Margulis, 1995, What is life?
Quoted in Scott, 1999, Nonlinear Science.
Слайд 7
![Human evolution is now more cultural than biological Humans make](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-6.jpg)
Human evolution is now more cultural than biological
Humans make more complex
choices than any other species
Слайд 8
![Minds make choices Different forms of life have evolved different](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-7.jpg)
Minds make choices
Different forms of life have evolved different minds
There’s an
evolutionary continuum from ‘open’ to ‘closed’ minds
The continuum traces the balance between learning and innateness
Слайд 9
![How well can we know those minds? Nagel: “What's it like to be a bat?”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-8.jpg)
How well can we know those minds?
Nagel: “What's it like to
be a bat?”
Слайд 10
![Psychology has often neglected animal minds, for various reasons Behaviourists](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-9.jpg)
Psychology has often neglected animal minds, for various reasons
Behaviourists claimed minds
can’t be studied - only behaviour
Studying animal minds is more acceptable to biologist and zoologists
such as Darwin, Konrad Lorenz and many others
Human and animal minds may be on a continuum but they’re profoundly different
Why, is it language?
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-10.jpg)
Слайд 12
![If language is what makes humans different, can animals acquire](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-11.jpg)
If language is what makes humans different, can animals acquire it?
There
have been many attempts to find out
Savage-Rumbaugh claims Kanzi is “on the brink of the human mind”
Слайд 13
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-12.jpg)
Слайд 14
![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-13.jpg)
Слайд 15
![Do animals have episodic memory? Suddendorf & Corballis: No, only](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-14.jpg)
Do animals have episodic memory?
Suddendorf & Corballis:
No, only humans have
that
Clayton, Bussey & Dickinson:
Yes, some birds seem to remember when they hid food
Слайд 16
![Do animals have cultures? Whiten et al., Biro and others have shown that chimpanzees have cultures](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-15.jpg)
Do animals have cultures?
Whiten et al., Biro and others have shown
that chimpanzees have cultures
Слайд 17
![Byrne and Whiten Machiavellian behaviour doesn’t need language](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-16.jpg)
Byrne and Whiten
Machiavellian behaviour doesn’t need language
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![How near are animals to a ‘Theory of Mind?’ Povinelli](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-17.jpg)
How near are animals to a ‘Theory of Mind?’
Povinelli
Suggestively close
Tomasello
Close, but
not close enough
Слайд 19
![Are animals self conscious? Gallup Yes: they can recognise themselves](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-18.jpg)
Are animals self conscious?
Gallup
Yes: they can recognise themselves in mirrors
Heyes
No: self-consciousness
is too difficult to evolve
Humphrey
Sort of: self-consciousness evolved to facilitate social interaction
Слайд 20
![How should we study animals? Objectively, by detached observation or subjectively, through empathic participation?](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-19.jpg)
How should we study animals?
Objectively, by detached observation
or
subjectively, through empathic
participation?
Слайд 21
![Smuts Empathetic participation, definitely! To understand animals, you have to](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-20.jpg)
Smuts
Empathetic participation, definitely!
To understand animals, you have to live with them
and become like them
But “like” is not “the same as”
Слайд 22
![Tomasello’s Puzzle: The basic puzzle is this. The 6 million](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-21.jpg)
Tomasello’s Puzzle:
The basic puzzle is this. The 6 million years that
separate human beings from other great
apes is a very short time evolutionarily, with modern humans and chimpanzees sharing
something on the order of 99 percent of their genetic material ....
The fact is, there simply has not been enough time for biological evolution
involving genetic variation and natural selection to have created, one by one,
each of the cognitive skills necessary for modern humans to invent
and maintain complex tool-use industries and technologies…
The Cultural Origins of Cognition.
Слайд 23
![100000 years of cultural evolution. 3000000000 years of biological evolution.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-22.jpg)
100000 years of cultural evolution.
3000000000 years of biological evolution.
Human beings are
a very recent species.
Слайд 24
![Tomasello’s answer seems to be: Theory of mind The intention](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-23.jpg)
Tomasello’s answer seems to be:
Theory of mind
The intention to assist
The
capacity to use symbols
The ‘ratchet-effect’
Слайд 25
![Donald The Origins of the Modern Mind There have been](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-24.jpg)
Donald
The Origins of the Modern Mind
There have been three major psychological
transitions in human cultural evolution
Episodic → Mimetic
Mimetic → Mythic
Mythic → Theoretic
Слайд 26
![Episodic Social cohesion through shared recall, but without representation Mimetic](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-25.jpg)
Episodic
Social cohesion through shared recall, but without representation
Mimetic
Representation and communication through
mimesis
Mythic
Internalisation of culture through stories
Theoretic
Analysis and experiment through symbols
Слайд 27
![Human minds emerge from a loop: Minds produce Cultures Cultures](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-26.jpg)
Human minds emerge from a loop:
Minds produce Cultures
Cultures produce Minds
Minds produce:
ideas, practices, symbols, technology ... etc.
These produce minds: skills, knowledge, beliefs, values … etc.
Слайд 28
![The Loop accelerates Period Years ago Techne Logos Prehistoric 50000](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-27.jpg)
The Loop accelerates
Period Years ago Techne Logos
Prehistoric 50000 Tools Dream
Ancient 5000 Structures Myth
Modern 500 Energy Law
Postmodern 50 Information Code
Слайд 29
![Technology is dissolving the boundary between what is alive and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-28.jpg)
Technology is dissolving the boundary
between what is alive and what
is not.
Organisms become mechanisms
Mechanisms become organisms
Biology + Computing = Informatics
The Science of the Code
Слайд 30
![What has really let loose the Machine in the world,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-29.jpg)
What has really let loose the Machine in the world, and
for good, is that it both facilitates and indefinitely multiplies our activities. It fulfils the dream of all living creatures by satisfying our instinctive craving for the maximum of consciousness.
Teilhard de Chardin, 1969, The Future of Man
Слайд 31
![Neither humans nor animals are machines But animals aren’t human](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-30.jpg)
Neither humans nor animals are machines
But animals aren’t human because
their evolutionary path lacked the ‘ratchet effect’
Слайд 32
![Yet humans long to share animal consciousness http://youtu.be/FZ-bJFVJ2P0](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/312572/slide-31.jpg)
Yet humans long to share animal consciousness
http://youtu.be/FZ-bJFVJ2P0