Computer science презентация

Computer science has touched practically every aspect of modern-day life. For instance, it has led to the invention of general-purpose computers, for tasks ranging from routine writing and computing to specialized decision making. It has led to the development of the Internet, search engines, e-mail, instant messaging, and e-commerce, bringing about a revolution in our ability to access and communicate information and to conduct financial transactions. By enabling the development of computer graphics and sound systems, it has led to new ways of creating slides, videos, and films. These, in turn, have given birth to new approaches for teaching and learning. For research in various fields, computer science has greatly enhanced the processes of data gathering, storage, and analysis, including the creation of computer models. By fostering the development of computer chips, it has aided in the control of such things as mobile phones, home appliances, security alarms, heating and cooling systems, and space shuttles. In medicine, it has led to the creation of new diagnostic and therapeutic approaches. For national defense, it has led to the development of precision weaponry.

Through the development of robots, it has enabled the automation of industrial processes and helped in such tasks as defusing bombs, exploring uncharted territories, and finding disaster victims.
On the down side, knowledge of computer science can also be misused, such as in creating computer viruses, computer hacking, and "phishing" for private information. These activities can lead to huge economic losses, theft of identity and confidential information, and breach of national security. In addition, the fruits of computer science—particularly the Internet and its associated forms of communication—can be used to spread falsehoods, motivate immoral or unethical behavior, or promote acts of terrorism and war. Such misuse can create enormous problems for society.

History
The earliest known tool for computation was the abacus, thought to have been invented in Babylon around 2400 B.C.E. Its original style of usage was by lines drawn in sand with pebbles. In the fifth century B.C.E., Indian grammarian Pāṇini formulated sophisticated rules of grammar for Sanskrit. His work became the forerunner to modern formal language theory and a precursor to computing. Between 200 B.C.E. and 400 C.E., Jaina mathematicians in India invented the logarithm. Much later, in the early sixteenth century, John Napier discovered logarithms for computational purposes, and that was followed by the invention of various calculating tools.
None of the early computational devices were computers in the modern sense. It took considerable advances in mathematics and theory before the first modern computers could be designed. Charles Babbage, called the "father of computing," described the first programmable device—the "analytical engine"—in 1837, more than a century before the first computers were built. His engine, although never successfully constructed, was designed to be programmed—the key feature that set it apart from all preceding devices.

Prior to the 1920s, the term computer was used in referring to a human clerk who performed calculations, usually led by a physicist. Thousands of these clerks, mostly women with a degree in calculus, were employed in commerce, government, and research establishments. After the 1920s, the expression computing machine was applied to any machine that performed the work of a human computer—especially work that involved following a list of mathematical instructions repetitively.
Kurt Gödel, Alonzo Church, and Alan Turing were among the early researchers in the field that came to be called computer science. In 1931, Gödel introduced his "incompleteness theorem," showing that there are limits to what can be proved and disproved within a formal system. Later, Gödel and others defined and described these formal systems.

In 1936, Turing and Church introduced the formalization of an algorithm (set of mathematical instructions), with limits on what can be computed, and a "purely mechanical" model for computing. These topics are covered by what is now called the Church–Turing thesis, which claims that any calculation that is possible can be performed by an algorithm running on a mechanical calculation device (such as an electronic computer), if sufficient time and storage space are available.
Turing, who has been called the "father of computer science," also described the "Turing machine"—a theoretical machine with an infinitely long tape and a read/write head that moves along the tape, changing the values along the way. Clearly, such a machine could never be built, but the model could simulate the computation of algorithms that can be performed on modern computers

Shannon went on to found the field of information theory with his 1948 paper on "A Mathematical Theory of Communication." In it, he applied probability theory to the problem of how to best encode the information a sender wants to transmit. This work is one of the theoretical foundations for many areas of study, including data compression and cryptography.
During the 1940s, with the onset of electronic digital equipment, the phrase computing machines gradually gave away to just computers, referring to machines that performed the types of calculations done by human clerks in earlier years.
Over time, as it became clear that computers could be used for more than just mathematical calculations, the field of computer science broadened to study computation in general and branched into many subfields, such as artificial intelligence. Computer science began to be established as a distinct academic discipline in the 1960s, with the creation of the first computer science departments and degree programs.[4]