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![Early illusions In 350 BC, Aristotle noted that “our senses](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-1.jpg)
Early illusions
In 350 BC, Aristotle noted that “our senses can be
trusted but they can be easily fooled”.
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![Early illusions](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-2.jpg)
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![Early illusions In-depth view The Ponzo illusion illustrates that context is also fundamental for depth perception.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-3.jpg)
Early illusions
In-depth view
The Ponzo illusion illustrates that context is also fundamental
for depth perception.
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![Early illusions One-track mind The Muller-Lyer illusion appear to be different lengths.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-4.jpg)
Early illusions
One-track mind
The Muller-Lyer illusion appear to be different lengths.
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![Early illusions Tall story The Hermann von Helmholtz illusion demonstrates](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-5.jpg)
Early illusions
Tall story
The Hermann von Helmholtz illusion demonstrates that a simple
square made up of vertical lines looks shorter and wider than a square made up of horizontal lines.
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![21st Century](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-6.jpg)
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![21st Century The Hering illusion features radial lines that give](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-7.jpg)
21st Century
The Hering illusion features radial lines that give the illusion
of movement, similar to the scene we see as we move forward in the real world.
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![21st Century Square eyed The Necker Cube shows that the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-8.jpg)
21st Century
Square eyed
The Necker Cube shows that the brain can “flip”
between two different views, as it attempts to translate a two-dimensional drawing on a page into a three-dimensional cube.
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![21st Century Competing neurons The Hermann grid: we see grey](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-9.jpg)
21st Century
Competing neurons
The Hermann grid: we see grey dots in the
intersections between the white and black grid even though they are not actually there.
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![21st Century Pinna illusion At a glance, the swirls of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-10.jpg)
21st Century
Pinna illusion
At a glance, the swirls of tilted black-and-white squares
create the perception of a spiral.
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/203421/slide-11.jpg)