Open Water Scuba Diving презентация

The International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
Established in 1985, by Dick Rutkowski
Active worldwide (36 countries - Including N&S America, Europe, Asia, Australia, Caribbean, Middle East)
Sport Diving and Technical Diving Program (Divers-Instructors).
The first agency to offer Nitrox and Mixed Gas Training to the recreational Diving community.
“The Leaders in Diver Education”
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The International Association of Nitrox and Technical Divers
“The Leaders in Diver Education”
Affiliated with :

IANTD
Sport Diver Programs

IANTD Open Water Diver
Purpose :
This Program is designed to provide comprehensive training to those who wish to become SCUBA divers.
It emphasizes the skills and knowledge needed to develop a safer novice diver and to develop a sense of confidence and responsibility in those joining the adventures of underwater discovery.
The diver is qualified to dive to a maximum depth of 70 fsw (21 msw).

ENROLMENT IN THIS COURSE &
PAYMENT OF THE COURSE FEE
PROVIDES
Instruction In Diving Theory
Skill Training In Confined Water
Open Water Training Dives

WORLD WIDE
REFERAL SYSTEM
Open Water Dives competed within 6 months after Confined Water Training
Anywhere in the world
IANTD Log Book / Training Record

OPEN WATER TRAINING
& CERTIFICATION
MUST BE EARNED!

REQUIREMENTS FOR CERTIFICATION
Medical Examination (If necessary)
Satisfactory Skill Performance
Diving Theory Examination(s)
Review Quizzes
80% Or Higher Score On Final Exam
All Forms Signed
Completion Of Open Water Dives
Instructor Approval

TEXTBOOK &
SUPPORT MATERIALS
IANTD Open Water Scuba Diver Student Manual & Workbook
IANTD Open Water Air Diving & Decompression Table
IANTD Recreational Log Book

DIVING THEORY
Unit 1 - Introduction
Unit 2 - Equipment
Unit 3 - Diving Physiology
Unit 4 - Dive Tables
Unit 5 - Environment
Unit 6 - Practicing safe diving
Unit 7 - Dealing with diver problems and injuries.
Unit 8 - Beyond Basic Training

Introduction to SCUBA Diving
Unit 1
Medical - Physical Fitness
Emotional Fitness
Basic Diving Equipment
Basic Diving Physics
Basic Diving Physiology
Diver Communication
Conclusion

MEDICAL FITNESS
Predisposition To injury
Medical Disorders
Physical Disorders
Drugs
Alcohol
Smoking
Medical Examination

MEDICATIONS & THE DIVER
Decongestants
Adverse Side-Effects
Rebound
Drowsiness
Oxygen Sensitivity
Seasickness Prevention
Prescription Drugs
Avoid Diving With A Cold!

PREGNANCY & DIVING
Animal Studies
Human Studies
Risk Of Fetal Injury
“Don’t Dive if Pregnant!”

EMOTIONAL FITNESS
Panic
Claustrophobia
Thalassophobia
YOU MUST BE
PHYSICALLY & EMOTIONALLY FIT TO DIVE!

BASIC DIVING EQUIPMENT
Mask
Snorkel
Fins
Foot Protection
Other Equipment

MASK
Heavy-Duty
Head Strap

MASK
Fit & Comfort
Silicone (Soft, Pliable, Non-Allergenic, Resist Deterioration)
Tempered Glass Lens
Low Volume & Wide View
Nose Pocket
Strap & Fastening Devices
Corrective Lenses Available

MASK

SNORKEL
Short Breathing Tube
Surface Swimming
Comfortable Mouthpiece
Purge-Valve
Flexible Vs. Rigid Tube
Inside Diameter
About 3/4 -Inch
Snorkel “Keeper”

SWIM FINS
Most Important!
Proper Fit
With Boot

FOOT PROTECTION
Neoprene Sock
Neoprene Boots
Hard Sole
Standard High-Top
Tropical Low-Cut
Aqua “Slippers”
Coral Shoes

BASIC DIVING PHYSICS
Hearing Underwater
Seeing Underwater
Buoyancy
Composition of Air
Pressure & Volume

HEARING UNDERWATER
Water Density
Sound Travels Faster Underwater
Direction Of Sound Difficult To Detect

SEEING
UNDERWATER
Objects Under Water Appear 25% Closer
Vision Reversal
Refraction

NORMAL VISION IN AIR

BLURRED VISION IN WATER

REFRACTION & CLEAR VISION WITH MASK
FIRST
REFRACTION
DOUBLE REFRACTION
RESULTS IN MAGNIFYING EFFECT
OBJECTS APPEAR 25% CLOSER & LARGER

BUOYANCY
Archimedes’ Principle
States Of Buoyancy
Positive (Float)
Neutral (Hover)
Negative (Sink)
Buoyancy Control Factors
Lead Weights
Buoyancy Control Device (BCD)
Breathing Pattern
Water Density (Fresh Vs. Salt)
Type Of Diving Suit & Dive Depth
Scuba Cylinder Size & Weight

ATMOSPHERIC AIR

PRESSURE
Atmospheric Pressure
Hydrostatic Pressure
Absolute Pressure
Gauge Pressure
Ambient Pressure

PRESSURE AT DEPTH

PRESSURE & VOLUME
At A Constant Temperature, The Volume Of A Gas Is Inversely Proportional To The Pressure Exerted On That Gas.
If The Pressure Doubled, The Volume Is Reduced To 1/2 The Original Volume.
Boyle’s Law
Greatest Volume Change
Occurs Near The Surface!

PRESSURE & VOLUME
Boyle’s Law

BASIC DIVING PHYSIOLOGY
The Body’s Gas Spaces
Pressure Equalization
Breathing Underwater

THE BODY’S GAS SPACES
Middle Ear
Sinus Cavities
Lungs
Gastrointestinal System
Cavity In Tooth
Attached Spaces (Mask & Dry Suit)

SINUSES

THE HUMAN EAR

Pressure Equalization
Middle Ear Ventilation Via Eustachian Tube
Yawning & Swallowing
Tongue Against Roof Of Mouth & Swallowing
Block Nose & Blow Gently
Must Start At Surface
Discomfort
Stop
Ascend Few Feet
Repeat Equalization
Blow Air Inside the Mask through
the nose
PRESSURE EQUALIZATION
EARS & SINUSES, MASK SPACE

EQUALIZATION
Valsalva
Hold Nose
Gently Blow
Increases Pressure
Force Air Into
Middle Ear
Caution
Avoid Forceful
Be Gentle
Injury Risk
Frenzel
Nontraumatic & Safer
More Difficult To Master
Tip Of Tongue Forward On Roof
Tongue Driven Toward Top Of Head
Compresses Nasopharyngeal Air Space
Forces Air Into Eustachian Tube

OPEN-CIRCUIT SCUBA
At transportation treat
cylinders as if made of glass!

LUNG VOLUME WHILE BREATHING NORMALLY FROM SCUBA

EXPANSION OF TRAPPED GAS DURING ASCENT
Depth
(fsw)
Pressure
(ate)
Relative
Volume Change

BREATHING UNDERWATER
Relaxation & Safety
Slow & Deep Inhalation-Exhalation Cycles
Breathing Influences Buoyancy
Do Not “Skip Breathe”
Do Not “Hyperventilate”

PULMONARY INJURY
Voluntary Breath Holding
Lung Disease (Scars)
Bronchial Obstruction
Smokers At Risk (Mucus)
Coughing During Ascent
Low Lung Volume Exhalation

ARE THERE RISKS INVOLVED WITH TRAINING?
Barotrauma:
Ear/ Sinus
Face Or Eye
Trapping Of Air In Lungs
Decompression Sickness
Marine Life Injury

DIVER COMMUNICATION
Hand Signals

DIVER COMMUNICATION
Hand Signals

CONCLUSION
Exciting & Enjoyable Adventure
Serious Activity
Basic Rules :
Breathe Normally
Equalize on Time (Ears, Sinuses and Mask space)
Be aware of your Environment
Learn Theory
Skill - Open Water Training
Continuing Education

SCUBA Diving Equipment
Unit 2
Underwater Breathing Apparatus
Emergency Breathing Systems
Instruments - Computers
Buoyancy Control Devices
Environmental Protection
Ballast System
Other Equipment
Maintenance
Summary

OPEN-CIRCUIT SCUBA
First-Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To ~ 140 psig
Second Stage Regulator
Reduces Pressure
To Ambient
All Exhalation To
Surrounding Water
Air Or Pre-Mix Gas

SCUBA
Simplicity, Portability, & Mobility
Easy To Maintain
Training Readily Available
No Gas Recirculation (Inefficient)
Dive Duration Limited By Gas Supply
Reduced Potential For Hypoxia & CO2 Problems
Relatively Low Cost

SCUBA COMPONENTS
Cylinder(s) & Valve/Manifold
Primary Regulator
Emergency Breathing System
Instruments
Pressure Gauge
Computer
Buoyancy Control Device(s)
Backpack/Harness

CYLINDERS
Material
Size
Exterior Protection
Multiple Cylinder Configurations
Oxygen Service
Valves/Manifolds
At transportation treat
cylinders as if made of glass!

CYLINDER VALVE
O-Ring For Regulator Seal
On-Off Valve
Valve-Cylinder O-Ring
Valve Dip Tube
DIN Valve (Captured O-Ring)
Dual Regulator Valves
Maintenance

K-VALVE
Simple On-Off Valve
Single Cylinder
Single Regulator
Renewed Popularity
Standard For Recreational Scuba Divers
Straight Thread/O-ring Seal
Over-Pressure Disk

MODULAR
SINGLE CYLINDER VALVE
Simple On-Off Valves
Single Cylinder
Two Regulators
Primary
Backup
Isolation Capability
Technical Dive Choice
> 65 fsw (20 msw)
Straight Thread/O-ring Seal
Over-Pressure Disk

PRIMARY REGULATOR
First Stage Assembly
Second Stage Assembly
Hoses
Yoke Or DIN Connectors
Performance
Configuration
Oxygen Service

HIGH-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE
FIRST STAGE OF PRIMARY REGULATOR
Flow-Through Or Balanced Piston
Reduces High- Pressure Gas To ~ 140 psig (10bar) Over Ambient Pressure

HIGH-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE
BALANCED-DIAPHRAGM FIRST STAGE

INTERMEDIATE-PRESSURE REDUCTION STAGE
SECOND STAGE OF PRIMARY REGULATOR
Components
Basic Operation
Down Stream Valve
Pilot Valves
Exhaust Ports
Mouthpiece

REGULATOR SELECTION
Good Reputation
Minimum Breathing Resistance
Recreational Vs. Technical Diving
Comfortable To Use
Local Service & Parts Availability
World-Wide Service For Traveling Diver

AN EMERGENCY
GAS SUPPLY SYSTEM
Scuba Failures Are Rare
Independent Vs. Dependent
Cost (Initial & Maintenance)
System Integrated Or Independent
Gas Volume Required
15 To 33% Of Primary Gas Supply

EMERGENCY
BREATHING SYSTEMS
Auxiliary Second Stage (“Octopus”)
Auxiliary Scuba (“Pony”)
Tiny Scuba (“SpareAir”)
Dual Valve Manifold With Two Regulators

THE OCTOPUS
Common Usage
Dependent On Other Diver
Moderate Skill Complexity
Separate 2nd Stage Vs. Integrated With BCD Inflation
Better Than Conventional Buddy Breathing
Unit Selection
Initial Cost Factor
Maintenance

INSTRUMENTS
Depth
Time
Cylinder Pressure
Direction
Analog Vs. Digital
Computer

INSTRUMENT CONSOLE
Integration Of Instruments
Cylinder Pressure , Depth, Time, & Direction
Independent & Gas Integrated Computers
Secure Close To Body
Rinse After Dives
Avoid Abuse Underwater & In Transport
Do Not Leave In Direct Sun

COMPUTERS
Depth & Dive Time
Decompression Status
No-Decompression Time Remaining
Ceiling Depth
Decompression
Gas Loading-Unloading Displays
Ascent Rate Violation Warning
Cylinder Pressure
Remaining Gas Supply Time Vs. Breathing Rate
Reliability & Redundancy

BUOYANCY CONTROL DEVICES
Underwater Buoyancy Compensation
Surface Flotation
Lifesaving Applications
Label: Not A Lifesaving Device
Standard Practice In Community
Legal Implications
Manufacturing Vs. Training
Ballast Placement
Inflation Systems
Configuration
Jacket
“Wings”
Horse Collar
Redundant Systems

ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
Skin Suits
Wet Suits
Dry Suits

GUIDELINE TO
THERMAL PROTECTION
>85o F (30o C)
Skin Suits Or Short Wet Suit
78 To 85o F (25 To 30o C)
Short Wet Suit
Full Body Jump-Style 1/8 In. (3 mm) Wet Suit
70 To 78o F (21 To 25o C)
Full 3/16 In. (4-5 mm) Wet Suit w/ Hood & Boots
55 To 70o F (13 To 21o C)
Full 1/4 In. (6.5-7 mm) Wet Suit w/ Hood, Boots, & Gloves
Some Divers Wear Dry Suits
<55o F (13o C)
Dry Suit With Under Garments Appropriate For Water Temperature

SKIN SUITS
Lycra (No Thermal Protection)
Sun & Contact Protection
Darlexx & Polartec (Some Thermal Protection)
Water Temperature >80o F (27o C)
Fashion Statement

FOAMED NEOPRENE
WET SUIT
Gas Expanded Neoprene Rubber
An Insulation Barrier
Diver Gets “Wet”
Suit Compression With Depth
Loss Of Buoyancy
Loss Of Insulation
Design & Selection Criteria
Fit Is Very Important
Custom Vs. Off-The-Shelf

THE DRY SUIT
Keeping the Diver DRY
Neck & Wrist Seals
Waterproof Zippers
Dry Or Wet Hood & Gloves
Foamed Neoprene
Crushed Foamed Neoprene
Membrane Suits (Trilaminate & Nylon)
Undersuits

BALLAST SYSTEM
Belt With Solid Lead Weights
“Pocket” Belt With Packets Of Lead Shot
BCD Integrated Ballast Systems
Some Weight In Smaller Increments For Distribution & Adjustment
Quick-Release In Emergency
“Heavy” Scuba Cylinder As Ballast
Weight Placed On Cylinder

OTHER EQUIPMENT
Floats
Lights
Cutting Devices

SURFACE FLOATS
Line Reel
Float For Rest & Rescue
Store Game & Collected Items Position Marker & Flag Support
Dive Flag Required By Law (Some Areas)
Boaters Must Stay Specified Distance Away

DIVE FLAGS
U.S. Dive Flag
International “Alpha” Dive Flag

SURFACE FLOATS
Surface Marker Buoys (SMB)

DIVE LIGHTS
Open Water Diving
Wreck Diving
Cave/Cavern Diving
Deep Diving
Night Diving

Wire Cutters
All Divers Should Carry
Emergency Resolution Of Entanglement
Not A Tool To Strip Wrecks Or Destroy Environment
Not A Weapon Or Shark Defense Device
Must Maintain It
Big Knives Unnecessary
Size & Type Depend On Task & Handling Ability
Compact Knife With Line Cutter Notch
Sky Diver Line Cutter
Seat Belt Cutters
EMS Shears
CUTTING DEVICES

EQUIPMENT MAINTENANCE
After each dive - Rinse all equipment in fresh water, and allow to dry
Avoid Direct Sunlight
Periodical Maintenance to Scuba Cylinder, Regulator, BCD

MAINTENANCE
SCUBA Cylinder
Avoid Physical Abuse
Avoid Extreme Temperatures
Remove Accessories
Wash To Remove Salt
Orifice Free Of Water & Dirt
Prevent O-Ring Loss
Keep Moisture Out Of Cylinder (Never empty it completely)
Extended Storage

INSPECTION & TESTING
Internal & External Visual Inspection Required Annually (No Fill Without “Sticker”)
Hydrostatic Test Required Every 5 Years, or less depending on local regulations
Hydrostatic Test Required If Dented, Gouged, Exposed To Excessive Heat, Or Corroded
Valve maintenance

REGULATOR MAINTENANCE
Send In Warranty Card At Purchase
Follow Manufacturer’s Guideline
Insert “DRY” Dust Cap Immediately After Dive
Rinse In Fresh Water & Allow To Dry After Dive
Protect From Heat & Abuse
Annual Inspection & Service Even If Not Used (Lubricant Dries & Rubber Deteriorates)

BCD MAINTENANCE
Drain Water From Interior
Post-Dive Fresh Water Rinse
Periodic Interior Rinse
Avoid Long Exposure To Direct Sun
Avoid Exposure To High Temperatures
Pre-Dive Inflation & Exhaust Valve Check
Professional Service & Component Replacement

SUMMARY
Selection Of Proper Equipment Leads To Greater Safety and Enjoyment.
Configure Equipment So That It Is Streamlined (No Hanging Gauges Or Second Stages)
Consider the Use Of A Dual Outlet Valve Or Pony Tank For Increased Safety
Do Not Substitute Equipment For Waterpersonship
Proper Maintenance of Equipment is very Important

Dive Tables
Unit 3
Understanding Gas Absorption and Elimination
Planning a Single Dive
Planning Repetitive Dives
Using Dive Computers
Nitrox
Avoiding DCS

UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION
Henry’s Law:
“The amount of any given gas that will dissolve in a liquid at a given temperature is directly proportional to the partial pressure of that gas.”

Surface, 1 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Tissues
Energy
N2 = Inert Gas
Surface, 1 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

33ft (10m), 2 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Tissues
Energy
N2 = Inert Gas
33ft/10m, 2 ATA Air (21%O2 - 79%N2)
UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

Ascend
N2
UNDERSTANDING GAS ABSORPTION AND ELLIMINATION

DIVE TABLES
Based On Mathematical Model
IANTD Uses Bühlman Tables
Not “Guaranteed” Protection From DCS
Surface Interval & Repetitive Dives Schedules
Safety & Mandatory Decompression Stops

DIVE TABLES
Bühlmann ZHL-16 Algorithm
0-1000ft (300m) Above Sea Level
3 Minute Safety Stop @ 15 FSW (4.5 MSW)
30 feet/ minute(10 meters/minute) Ascent Rate

Planning a Single Dive
DIVE TABLES
Depth
Bottom Time
Rate of Ascend
Safety Stops
Use Tables Conservatively!
Use Nitrox

AVOID DIVES
REQUIRING
DECOMPRESSION!

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
All Dives After An Initial One, Until The Residual Nitrogen Has Left The Body
Up To 48 Hours

RESIDUAL NITROGEN

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
Use of Tables
Repetitive Group Is A Measure Of Dissolved Nitrogen In Body At End Of Dive
Credit For Nitrogen Released During Surface Exposure Time (Surface Interval)
New Pressure Group -
Residual Nitrogen Time

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
Use of Tables - Dive 1
Depth
Bottom Time
Repetitive Group
Rate of Ascend
Safety Stops

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
Use of Tables - Surface Interval
Time
Repetitive Group

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
Use of Tables - Residual Nitrogen Time
Repetitive Group
Depth of Next Dive
(Always Shallower)
Residual Nitrogen Expressed
in terms of Bottom Time

PLANNING REPETITIVE DIVES
Use of Tables - Dive 2
RNT + Actual Bottom time < NDL
Rate of Ascend
Safety Stops

ON REPETITIVE DIVES,
YOU DIVE WITH A RAT!
RESIDUAL NITROGEN TIME
ACTUAL BOTTOM TIME
TOTAL NITROGEN TIME

DIVE PROFILE ON SLATE
Time In
______
Time Out
______
Time In
______
Time In
______
Time Out
______
Time Out
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
Group
______
SIT
_______
SIT
_______
Depth
_______
Depth
_______
Depth
_______
T ______
R ______
A ______
T ______
R ______
A ______
T ______
1
2
3

DIVE TABLE EXERCISE
Dive # 1 40 minutes At 55fsw(16.5msw)
Repetitive Group = E
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT = A
Dive # 2 40 minutes At 45 fsw(13.5 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time =19 minutes
Actual Bottom Time =40 minutes
Total Bottom Time =59 minutes
Repetitive Group After Dive # 2 = E

DIVE TABLE EXERCISE
Dive # 1 30 minutes At 60fsw(18msw)
Repetitive Group = D
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT = A
Dive # 2 35 minutes At 50 fsw(15 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time = 16 minutes
Actual Bottom Time = 35 minutes
Total Bottom Time = 51 minutes
Repetitive Group After Dive # 2 = E
1 Hour Surface Interval
Repetitive Group At End Of SIT = A
Dive # 3 30 minutes At 40 fsw(12 msw)
Residual Nitrogen Time = 19 minutes
Actual Bottom Time = 30 minutes
Total Bottom Time = 49 minutes
Repetitive Group After Dive # 3 = D

COMPUTER-ASSISTED DIVING
Many Divers Use Computers
Programmed Mathematical Model Upgrades Nitrogen Status Every 3 Seconds
Nitrox programmable Computer
NOT Guaranteed Protection Against DCS – Does not cancel dive planning!

ENRICHED AIR NITROX
Air + O2 = Nitrox
Why
Increased No-Decompression Time (
Less Decompression Requirements
Less Decompression Stress
Conservative Dives
Simple use
Requires additional training

WHAT MUST A DIVER KNOW TO USE NITROX?
Physics
Risks & Limitations
Use Of Nitrox Dive Tables
Preparation Of Equipment
Gas Analysis
EANx

FLYING AFTER DIVING
IANTD/IAND, Inc. Tables For Diving To Elevations Not Exceeding 1000 Feet
12 Hour Surface Interval Before Ascent To Altitude (Cabin Pressure Of 8,000 Feet) After No-Decompression Dives
Encouraged To Wait 24 Hours
Wait 24 Hours After Mandatory,
Emergency, Or Omitted Decompression
Special Tables & Procedures
For Diving At Altitude

AVOIDING DCS
Predisposing Factors
Dehydration
Illness & Injury
Drugs & Alcohol
Cold Stress
“Alteration Of Normal Blood Flow”
Heavy Exertion
Obesity
Age
Anxiety
Patent Foramen Ovale
Yo - Yo Dives
Next Dives
Flying after diving
Hot Bath

SUMMARY
Understand & Prevent DCS
Single Dive Planning
Repetitive Dive Planning
Learn Conservative Use Of Dive Tables
Dive computers
Nitrox
Avoiding DCS

Diving Physiology
Unit 4
Thermal Awareness
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Air Supply Contamination
Oxygen & The Diver
CO2 Retention
Hyperventilation
Inert Gas Narcosis
Ear, Sinus, Skin Barotrauma
Pulmonary Injury
Decompression Sickness
Conclusions
First Aid :

THERMAL AWARENESS
Heat Loss ~25x Greater In Water Than Air
Conduction
Convection
Evaporation
Respiratory Heat Loss By Diver
Radiation (Negligible For Divers -By Comparison)

First Aid :
Rewarm the diver
HYPOTHERMIA
Mild Hypothermia
Shivering
Slured Speech
Memory Loss
Fumbling Hands
Sever Hypothermia
No shivering
Muscle stiffness
Bluish skin

HYPOTHERMIA-First Aid REWARMING A DIVER
Protect From Environmental Stress
Remove Diving Suit
Warm, Dry Clothing
Warm Soup & Fluids
Limited Exercise

HYPERTHERMIA
Elevated Core Temperature
Hyperbaric Chamber
Sun Exposure While Dressed In Diving Suit
Feel “Poorly” & Heat Cramps
Heat Exhaustion (39 To 41O C/102 To 106O F)
Profuse Sweating, Headache, Nausea, Dizziness, Dilated Pupils
Heat Stroke (43O C/109O F)
Hot, Dry, Red Skin & Small Pupils

AIR SUPPLY CONTAMINATION
Composition Of Air & Purity Standards
Ambient Air Source Contamination
Compressor Filtration & Purification Systems
Carbon Monoxide
Engine Exhaust Or “Flashing” Lubrication Oil
Headache, Nausea, Unconsciousness, Red Lips/Nails
Oxygen First Aid & HBO Treatment
Oil Vapor
Source, Taste, Avoid
Lipoid Pneumonia
First Aid :
Breathe O2

OXYGEN & THE DIVER
Essential For Life
Hypoxia
Hyperoxia
O2
First Aid :
Breathe a mix with acceptable PO2

CARBON DIOXIDE RETENTION (Hypercapnia)
Can Happen at Any Depth
Contributing Factors
High PO2
Inadequate Ventilation
Increased Work Of Breathing
CO2 Retainers
Sleep Apneics
Large, Heavy Body Types
First Aid :
Stop, Control your Breathing Rate
Symptoms
Confusion
Impaired Thought Process
Drowsiness
Loss Of Consciousness
Convulsions
Carbon Dioxide-Oxygen-Nitrogen
Synergism

HYPERVENTILATION
Breathing More Than Necessary
Can Be Triggered By Nervous Tension
Abnormally Low Carbon Dioxide Level (Hypocapnia)
Symptoms
Weakness & Headaches
Lightheadedness To Fainting
Blurred Vision
Sensation Of Suffocation
Shock & Loss Of Consciousness (Extreme Cases)
First Aid :
Stop, Control your Breathing Rate

OXYGEN NITROGEN-CARBON DIOXIDE
SYNERGISM
Simultaneous Action Of Separate Gases
Which Together Have Greater Total Effect
Than The Sum Of Each Individual Effect!
1(O2 )+ 1(N2) +1(CO2) = 4

INERT GAS NARCOSIS
Deep air diving
Retardment Of Higher Mental Processes
Impaired Neuromuscular Coordination
Impaired Judgment
Imagination Is Lively
Thoughts Have A Peculiar Charm
(Euphoria)
Symptoms Of Intoxication
Hallucinations
First Aid :
Ascend to a Shallower Depth

PERFORMANCE DECREMENT
BREATHING AIR - SURFACE VS. 100 FSW (30.5 MSW)
U.S.N. Experimental Diving Unit Report 3-60

WHAT ARE THE
DEPTH RISKS?
Gas Supply Depletion
Mandatory Decompression Prohibits Direct Ascent In An Emergency
Decompression Sickness
Inert Gas Narcosis

EAR, SINUS, SKIN BAROTRAUMA
Failure to equalize
Pressure difference is built up
Injury as a result of pressure
First Aid :
Protect the injured area from infections
Contact your physician

REVERSE BLOCKAGE
DURING ASCENT
Rebound Congestion
Tissue Swelling
Air Trapping In Ear/Sinus
Discomfort, Dizziness

PULMONARY INJURY
Voluntary Breath Holding
Lung Disease (Scars)
Bronchial Obstruction
Smokers At Risk (Mucus)
Coughing During Ascent
Low Lung Volume Exhalation
Alveolar Rupture
Air Escape Paths
Incident
Gas Supply Depletion
Panic
Uncontrolled Ascent

PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA

RECOGNIZING
PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA
Predisposing Event
Symptoms Of Shock
Emphysema
Substernal Pain & Breathing Difficulty
Voice Change & Difficulty Swallowing
Puffy Neck With Crackle Skin
Pneumothorax
Shortness Of Breath & Breathing Difficulty
Painful Breathing & Uneven Chest Movement
Leaning To One Side
Cyanosis
Assume AGE Until Proven Different

PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA

ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM
Gas Enters Pulmonary Vessels
Carried To Heart
Ejected To Arterial Circulation
Gas To Brain
Blockage Of Cerebral Circulation
Coronary Artery Embolism Possible

ARTERIAL GAS EMBOLISM (Continued)
Symptoms Usually Occur Within
5 Minutes
Unconsciousness
Respiratory Or Cardiac Arrest
Coma, Stupor, Confusion
Unilateral Neurological Changes
Bilateral Neurological Changes
Visual Disturbances (Blindness)
Dizziness & Convulsions

PULMONARY
BAROTRAUMA
First Aid :
Administer O2
Comfortable position
Keep dry and warm
Transport to HBO Chamber
A.S.A.P.

PREDISPOSITION TO
PULMONARY BAROTRAUMA
Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
Active Asthma
Smoking-Related Damage
“Panic Tendencies”
Respiratory Infection

DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
“Gas Seeds”
Nitrogen Diffuses Into Gas Seeds
Microbubbles In Venous Circulation
Microbubbles Diffuse Into Larger Elongate Bubbles
Bubbles Attract Platelets
Blood Vessels Constrict
Dive Tables Violation
Ascent Rate Violation
Predisposing Factors

DECOMPRESSION SICKNESS
(Continued)
Complement Proteins Released
Fluid Loss To Extravascular Areas
(Third Spacing)
Reduced Blood Flow
Critical Tissue/Nerves Deprived
Of Oxygen
Tissue Swelling
Neurological Symptoms

DCS SYMPTOMS
Unwell Feeling (Malaise) & Extreme Fatigue
Itching & Skin Rash
Joint Pain & Deep Limb Pain
Girdle Pain (Back & Abdomen)
Vestibular Dysfunction (“Staggers”,
Nausea, Ear Ringing)
CNS Related symptoms :
Hearing / Seeing / Speech Problems
Lower Limb Numbness - Paralysis
Bladder & Bowel Dysfunction
Coughing & Breathing Difficulty
First Aid :
Administer O2
Comfortable position
Keep dry and warm
Transport to HBO Chamber
A.S.A.P.

HYPERBARIC OXYGEN THERAPY
Essential Treatment
Hyperbaric Chambers
Multiplace
Monoplace
Principle
Accelerate Inert Gas
Off-Gassing
Tissue Oxygenation
Aggressive Hydration
Supportive Drug Therapy
Nearest Facilities

Divers Alert Network (DAN)
[phone] USA
([phone] International
Medical Consultation
Divers
Physicians
24-Hour Emergency Consultation
Hyperbaric Chamber Availability
International Emergencies
If In Doubt, Call DAN!

Summary
Thermal Awareness
Hypothermia
Hyperthermia
Air Supply Contamination
Oxygen & The Diver
CO2 Retention
Hyperventilation
Inert Gas Narcosis
Ear, Sinus, Skin Barotrauma
Pulmonary Injury
Decompression Sickness
EANx
Conclusions
First Aid

The Diving Environment
Unit 5
Marine Life
Weather & Waves
Current

INJURIES INFLICTED BY MARINE ORGANISMS
Sea Snake
Octopus
Blue-ringed Octopus
Moray Eel
Cone Shell
Sharks
Allergic Reactions
Red Tides
Shellfish Poisoning
Ciguatera Poisoning
Scombroid Poisoning
Tetrodotoxin Poisoning
Fugu

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
Kephalopods

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Sea Snake

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
Other Venomous Marine Animals

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Anemone

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Fireworm

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Sea Urchin

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Jellyfish

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Shark

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Barracuda

THE DIVING ENVIRONMENT
The Eel

When Traveling To Unfamiliar Areas, Divers Are Encouraged To
Consult with Local Authorities
Regarding Potential Marine Life
Hazards!

WAVES IN SHALLOW WATER
Wave Height Increases & Length Decreases
Surge
Wave Breaking (Surf Zone)
Surf Zone Currents & Rip Currents
Waves & Bottom Slope
Wave Reinforcement & Cancellation
Wave Energy & Shore Line Configuration
Surf Entry & Exit

WAVE REFRACTION
IN SHALLOW WATER

WAVE REFRACTION
Influence
Shoreline Configuration
Nature & Human-Made Structure
Bottom Topography
Submarine Canyons
Longshore Currents
Wave Energy
Concentrate On Points
Disperse In Bays

WAVE INTERACTION

RIP CURRENT
Dispersal
Plume
Exit
Return To
Shore
Change In Shoreline
Change In Bottom
Break In Offshore Bar Submarine Canyon
Beach

RIP CURRENTS
Narrow River Of Water Flowing Perpendicular To Shore
Fast Current
Swimmers Carried Seaward
Do Not Attempt To Swim Back To Shore Against Current
Swim Parallel To Shore To Exit Current, There Swim Back Toward Shore

UPWELLING
Wind Stress Induces Seaward Flow Of Surface Water
Cold, Clear, Nutrient Rich Water Moves Up To Replace
Permanent Or Seasonal

VERTICAL CURRENTS
Whirlpools
Maintain Composure
Inflate BCD
Swim To Side
Down-Drafts
Maintain Composure
Inflate BCD
Grasp Wall

TIDES
Period Rise & Fall Of Water Level
Gravitational Forces Of Earth-Moon-Sun System
Rotation Of Earth
< 3 ft(1 m) To > 45 ft(15 m)
Local Tidal Cycles
Tide-Related Currents
Visibility & Depth

Summary
Be aware of the diving environment
Be informed on your local marine life
Weather & Waves
Current

Practicing Safe Diving
Unit 6
Dive Planning
Emergency Procedures
Let’s go diving !
Boat Dive
Drift diving
Night diving
Wreck diving
Cave diving
Diving in limited visibility

DIVE PLANNING
Buddy Selection
Dive Site Selection
Emergency Procedures
Dive Planning “At Dive Site”

THE BUDDY SYSTEM
Standard Practice
Cooperative Planning
Assistance
Safety
Shared Experience
Buddy Selection
Dive “Control”
Non-Dependency

BUDDY AGREEMENTS
Entry & Exit Locations
Underwater Swim Course
Maximum Depth & Time
Turn & Reserve Pressure
Communication
Procedure If Separated
Emergency Procedures
Plan Your Dive &
Dive Your Plan
Together!

DIVER COMMUNICATION
Hand Signals Underwater
Hand Signals On Surface
Whistles & Pneumatic “Screamers”
Tank “Bangers”
Slate & Pencil
Flashlight
Diver Recall Devices
Wireless Electronic Communication

SELECTING
A DIVE BUDDY
Level Of Training
Similar Training
Experience
General
Current Environment
Prior Knowledge
Last Dive
Equipment
Fitness
Physical
Emotional
Maturity
Social Habits
Non-Dependent
Reputation
Your Comfort Level

SELECTING A DIVE SITE
“Consistent With Training & Experience Of Both Divers”
Talk To Other Divers
Local Inquiry
Guidebooks/Charts
Seminars
Film Festivals
Dive Magazines
Travel Agents
Restrictions
Laws & Regulations
Local Policies

PRE-DIVE PLANNING
“AT DIVE SITE”
Dive Objectives
Environmental Analysis
Dive Conditions
Special Techniques
Hazards
Risk-Benefit Assessment
“To Dive Or Not To Dive?”
Surface Support Person
Verify Emergency Assistance Procedures
Entry Point, Swim Course, Exit Point
Dive Separation Procedures
Depth, Time, Cylinder Pressure, & Turn Around Criteria

RISK-PLEASURE ASSESSMENT
Factor That Place Diver At Risk
Environment
Buddy
Inadequate Equipment
Emotional Discomfort
Unknowns
“Is The Pleasure Or Benefit That I Will Derive From This Dive Worth The Risks?”

EMERGENCY ASSISTANCE PLAN
Communication
EMS & Transportation
Medical Facility
Chamber
First Aid
Oxygen Equipment
Qualified Personnel
IANTD Diver First Aid
IANTD/DAN Oxygen Provider
IANTD Rescue Diver

TIME MANAGEMENT
Gas &/Or Time Control Dive
No-Decompression Limit
Swim Time
Turn Time
Ascent Time
Safety Stop

GAS SUPPLY DURATION
IS A FUNCTION OF:
Depth
Respiratory Minute Volume
Work Load
Emotion Status
Carbon Dioxide Retention

GAS SUPPLY DURATION VS. DEPTH

ESTIMATED AVAILABLE DIVE TIME
Estimated Available Dive Time (Minutes)
80 cu ft/12 L Cylinder with 500 psi/34 bar Reserve

NAVIGATION
Depends On:
Visibility
Bottom Topography
Mission Requirements
Natural Feature Navigation
Compass Navigation

UNDERWATER NAVIGATION
Navigate By Natural Features
Compass Navigation
Features Of Compass
Wrist Compass
Console Mounted Compass
Compass Boards
Basic Navigation Techniques
Compass Management
Point-To-Point Swimming
Using Kick Count Or Time To Measure Distance

LET’S GO DIVING
Surface Swimming
Descending
Underwater Swim
Ascending
Dive documentation

ARRIVAL AT BEACH
Evaluate Water Conditions
First Activity
Before Putting On Equipment
Waves, Weather, Hazards
Do Not Dive If Conditions Are Poor
Enjoy Another Activity
Find Another Dive Area

SURF ENTRY
Before Entry
Study Wave Pattern & Size
Select Low Wave Period
Don Fins At Water Edge
Regulator In Mouth
Buddies Side-by-Side
Float Between Divers & Shore
Back Into Water
Look Over Shoulder
Watch For Oncoming Waves
Maintain Direction Of Movement
Wave About To Hit
Hold Mask
Stop & Stabilize
Lean Into Wave
Once Wave Passes
Move Quickly
Begin Swimming When Deep Enough
Swim Under Breaking Waves
Clear Surf Zone ASAP
Rejoin Buddy If Separated
May Surface Swim To Descent Location

SURFACE SWIMMING
BCD Partially Inflated
Avoid Over-Inflation
Steady, Comfortable Pace
Streamline Body
Use Snorkel Or Swim On Back Or Use BC Like A Surf Board
Fins Below Surface
May Swim On Side
Check Location, Direction, & Buddy

DESCENDING
Location
Controlled Descent
Proper Weight Selection
Deflate BCD
Equalize Early & Often
Line Descents
Maintain Buddy Contact
Maintain Buoyancy Control

UNDERWATER SWIM
Proper Buoyancy
Good Swim Posture
Orientation
Navigation
Natural Features
Compass
Swim Path
Time & Air Supply
Preselected Location For Ascent

ASCENDING
Outside Of Surf Zone
Preselected Location
Safety Stop
Midwater
Shallow Bottom
Avoid Surge
Normal Ascend
Inflate BCD At Surface

UP CLOSE & PERSONAL
THE “FREE” ASCENT
CONTROLLED EMERGENCY SWIMMING ASCENT
Independent
No Risk To Fellow Diver
No Equipment Required
No Cost
Immediately Available
Relatively Simple Skill
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma

BUOYANT ASCENT
Independent
No Risk To Fellow Diver
No Cost
Immediately Available
BCD Inflation
Weight Belt Release
Reduced Control
Risk Of Overhead Obstructions
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma

UP CLOSE & PERSONAL
“BUDDY BREATHING” ASCENT
Dependent On Fellow Diver
Complex Coordinated Skill
Seldom Practiced After Initial Training
Two Divers At Risk
High Stress
No Special Equipment Requirement
Risk Of Pulmonary Barotrauma
Risk Of Disease Transmission
History Of Failure

KEY POINTS
Record On Slate
Orientation Marker (Anchor Clump)
Check Current: Swim Into Current!
Beginning Pressure: 2700 psig
Turn Pressure: 1700 psig
Turn Time: 18 minutes
Maximum Bottom Time: 36 minutes
Safety Stop: 15 fsw For 3 minutes
Use 1/2 + 200 Gas Management Rule

SURF EXIT
Observe Wave Pattern & Size
Evaluate & Discuss With Buddy
Wait For Low Wave Set
Regulator In Mouth
Swim Toward Shore Quickly
Hand On Mask
Free Hand In Front
Push Float Ahead
Swim To Knee Deep Water
Don’t Stop In Surf (If Possible)
Crawl Or Walk From Water
Fins On
On Coming Waves
Stop & Stabilize
Hold Mask
Lean Into Wave
Wave May Carry You Up Beach Face

DIVE DOCUMENTATION
Immediate (On Slate)
Maximum Depth
Multi-Level Profile
Bottom Time
Exit Time
End Cylinder Pressure
Special Notations
Later (IANTD Recreational Logbook)
Date, Location, Conditions, Depth/Time, Buddy, Observations, Impressions, Etc.

BOAT DIVES
“KNOW YOUR BOAT”
Bow
Stern
Starboard & Port
Leeward & Windward
Bridge
Head
Galley
Lifesaving Equipment

BOAT DIVING
Descend Down Line
Swim Into Current
Navigation & Orientation
Gas Management Rules
Surface In Front Of Boat
OK Signal To Crew

DRIFT DIVING
Preparation
Lead Diver With Surface Marker Float
Rapid Deployment & Descent
Movement Underwater
Current Greatest At Surface; Least At Bottom
Drifting & Maneuvering
Do Not Swim Against Current
Ascent & Retrieval

DIVING AT NIGHT
Challenging The Unknown (Adventure)
Night Time Marine Life
Need For Navigation Techniques
Natural Features (Walls, Slopes, Etc.)
Compass Navigation
Equipment (Lights)
Proper Site Selection
Dive Planning & Execution

SHIPWRECK DIVING
Great Lakes, East Coast, Florida, Truk Lagoon, Scotland, UK, & Worldwide
Historical Interest, Artificial Reefs (Marine Life), Adventure
Specialty Training & Equipment
Penetration Dives
Risk Factors
Hazard Avoidance

CAVERN & CAVE DIVING
Sinkholes & Submerged Caves & Caverns
North Florida & Bahamas
Australia
Mediterranean Coast
Worldwide
Special Training & Equipment
Cavern Diving
See Light At Entrance
No Greater Than 130Feet (39 meters) [Depth + Penetration]
Cave Diving
High Risk Activity (Getting Lost; Gas Depletion & Drowning)
Large Gas Supply With Redundancy
Special Lights With Redundancy
Lines & Line Reels

DIVING IN
LIMITED VISIBILITY WATER
Cause Of Limited Visibility
Suspended Sediment & Biological Activity
Tidal Influence & Thermal Structure
Diver Activity
Added Risks
Buddy Separation
Entanglement
Psychological Stress For Some

CONCLUSIONS
Plan Your Dive & Dive Your Plan
Find A Good Dive Buddy
Manage Your Gas Supply
Manage Nitrogen In Your Body
Be aware Of The Diving Environment
Boat/Drift/Night/Wreck/Cave/Limited Visibility Diving

Dealing with Diver
Problems and Injuries
Unit 7
Know Thyself
Stress Management
Underwater Problem Management
Diver Rescue
Diver Injury Management
Conclusions

THE THINKING DIVER
“Know Thyself”
Diver Must Understand “Self”
Know Personal Capability & Limitations
Diving Is 60% Brains & 40% Brawn
Working Knowledge Of Physics & Hyperbaric Physiology
Anticipation & Adaptation
Self-Sufficiency
Attitude

STRESSORS
Medical Problems
Medications
Alcohol & Drugs
Conditioned Response
Recklessness
Risk Taking
Personal Limitation
Peer Pressure
Ego Threat
Surprise
Unfamiliarity
Perceived Threat
Equipment Difficulties
Time Pressure
Task Loading
In Harms Way
CATEGORY 1
CATEGORY 2
CATEGORY 3

MENTAL PREPARATION
FOR A DIVE
Affirmation
A Personal Positive Statement
Avoid “Negative” Statement
Visualization
Close Your Eyes, Relax, & Breathe
Draw A Mental Picture Of A Safe & Enjoyable Dive
Visualize Yourself In Harmony With The Environment
If You Visualize A Problem Or Bad Condition, Do Not Make The Dive!

PREVENTING STRESS
Overlearned & Maintain Skills
Good Diving Technique & Buoyancy Control
Be A Thinking Diver
Good Physical Condition
Develop A “Survival Attitude”
Be A “Non-Dependent” Diver
Progressive Acquisition Of Experience
Know You Environment
Learn To Anticipate & Avoid Problems
Know When To Say NO! &, Say It!

Threat
(Real Or Perceived)
Increased
Breathing Rate
& Perceptual
Narrowing
Reaction
Self-Doubt &
Ignore Problem
STRESS
Stop
Control Breathing
Evaluate Situation
Solve Problem
More Increase In
Breathing Rate &
Greater Perceptual
Narrowing

GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
Self-Sufficient
Non-Dependent
Capable Of Assisting
Additional Training
First Aid/CPR
Rescue
Prevention
Know Your Capabilities & Limitations
Anticipate & Prevent Problems

DIVE PROBLEMS
Overexertion
Coughing *
Seasickness
Cramps *
Loss Of Gas Supply *
Buoyancy Problems
* Practice In Confined Water
Entanglement
Regulator Free-Flow *
Cylinder Release *
Caught In Current
Diver Separation
Disorientation
Underwater Entanglement
Underwater Injury

COMMON DIVER MISTAKES
Poor Buoyancy Control
Problems At The Surface
Mask Removal
Not Practicing Skills
Not Monitoring Gauges
Unfamiliar With Equipment
Failure To Check Equipment
Poor Equipment Care

COMMON DIVER MISTAKES (Continued)
Not Asking Questions
Not Planning The Dive
Complacency
Exceeding Personal Limits
Not Understand Dive Tables
Not Understand Computer
Failure To Adjust To Change
Failure To See A Doctor

GAS FAILURE OPTIONS
Listed In order Of ideal preference
Use Of Pony Cylinder
Breathing From A Dual Outlet Valve With A Long Hose On The Handoff Regulator
Octopus Breathing
Buddy Breathing
Tiny SCUBA
Free Ascent
Buoyant Ascent

BUOYANCY PROBLEMS
Loss Of buoyancy Gain Of buoyancy
Over-Weighted Diver Or BCD Failure
Case Of BCD Discharge Valve Sticking
Avoid Through Pre-Dive Equipment Inspection
Know Your Equipment
Discard Weight Belt
Inflator Failure
Loss Of Weight Belt
EXHALE!
Discharge Air From BCD Or Suit
Disconnect Inflation Unit
Pre-Dive Inspection
Post-Event Monitoring & Equipment Repair

REGULATOR
FREE-FLOW
Press Regulator To Lips
Breathe Gas As Needed
Let Excess air Escape
Do Not Seal Mouth On Regulator

SCUBA CYLINDER RELEASE
Improper Equipment Assembly
Remain Calm
Check Gas Supply Pressure
Buddy Assistance (Replace Or Carry Cylinder To Surface)

CAUGHT IN A CURRENT
Be Prepared! Signal Tube & Bright Hood
Inflate BCD
Immediately Signal Boat (Hand & Whistle)
Do Not Struggle Against Current
Display Visual Signal
Shore Diving (Swim To Alternate Exit Point)

DIVER SEPARATION PROCEDURE
Stop, Look, Listen
Search (1 Minute)
Surface
Reunite
Buddy Does Not Surface
Mark Location
Call For Assistance
Don’t Place Self At Risk

ENTANGLEMENT
Monofilament Fish Line & Fish Nets
Common Sense Caution (Wrecks & Docks)
Carry A Line Cutter
Buddy Assistance
Stop, Breathe, Think, Resolve
Slowly & Commonly Assess Status & Untangle Yourself

SURFACE PROBLEM
MANAGEMENT
Prevention
Dive Within Capability Window
Relaxation
Positive Buoyancy
When You Reach The Surface
BCD Use
If Problem
Inflate BCD Or Drop Weight Belt
Stop, Think, Then Act
Signal For Assistance

PROBLEM RECOGNITION
Diver Status
About To Have Problem
Has Problem
Appearance
Anxious
Rapid, Shallow Breathing
Distracted
Quick, Jerky Movements
Mask Off-Regulator Out

ASSISTING A DIVER
(AT SURFACE)
Rule 1: Do Not Place Yourself At Risk!
Inflate Your BCD
Stop, Think, Act
Approach Cautiously
Avoid Grasp
Verbal Rescue
Talk To Diver
Relax
Inflate BCD
Call For Assistance

ASSISTING A DIVER
(UNDERWATER)
Rule 1: Do Not Place Yourself At Risk!
Stop, Think, Act
Approach Cautiously
Avoid Grasp
Reassure
OK Sign
Touch
Caution
Controlled Ascent
Out-of-Air Ascent

SPECIAL TRAINING
Standard First Aid & CPR (IANTD First Aid)
IANTD Rescue Diver Specialty Course
IANTD-DAN Oxygen Provider Course
Recommended For All Divers!

CONCLUSIONS
Most Injuries Are Preventable
Training In First Aid & CPR For All
(IANTD First Aid, IANTD-DAN Oxygen Provider, IANTD Rescue Diver)
Recognize & Acknowledge Injury
Assisting a Diver

Beyond Basic Training
Unit 8
The Critical Period
Continuing Education
Conclusions

THE CRITICAL PERIOD
Learn About You
Progressive
Repetitious
Maintain Skills
Continuing Education
Review Courses

Specialty Programs
Openwater
Diver
Openwater
EANx(Rebreather) Diver
Rebreather
Diver
Intro Cave
Diver
Divemaster
Advanced EANx
Diver
Wreck/Cavern Diver
Adv. Openwater
Diver
Deep Diver
EANx
Diver
Diver First Aid
IANTD
Sport Diver Programs

IANTD
Sport Diver Programs
Master Free Diver
Advanced Free Diver
Openwater Free Diver
Snorkeling Diver

IANTD
Technical Programs
Trimix
Diver
Supervisor
Trimix
Blender
Technical
Rebreather
Supervisor
Technical
Rebreather
Diver
Trimix
Diver
Cave
Diver
Supervisor
Advanced
Cave
Diver
Technical
Wreck Diver
Supervisor
Technical
Diver
Supervisor
Cave
(Technical)
Diver
Normoxic
Trimix
Diver
Technical
Diver
Wreck
(Technical)
Diver

Advanced
EANx
Instructor
Divemaster
Openwater
EANx
Instructor
IANTD
Instructor Programs

SUMMARY
Diving can be a safe and enjoyable activity.
Developing a diver : Experience - Training
Do not lose your skills and knowledge. Dive frequently!