Слайд 2
![“Every philosophy is the spiritual essence of its age” (Karl Marx)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-1.jpg)
“Every philosophy is the spiritual essence of its age” (Karl Marx)
Слайд 3
![Since the mid of the 19th century there are the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-2.jpg)
Since the mid of the 19th century there are the socio-political
changes associated with the transition of capitalism in its new phase of “imperialism”
Слайд 4
![Karl Marx’s philosophy was one of important trends at that](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-3.jpg)
Karl Marx’s philosophy was one of important trends at that time.
That philosophy has been directed on understanding of the political-economical processes occurring in society.
Слайд 5
![Marxist philosophy. Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-4.jpg)
Marxist philosophy.
Karl Marx (1818 - 1883)
Слайд 6
![Marxist philosophy. Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-5.jpg)
Marxist philosophy.
Friedrich Engels (1820 - 1895)
Слайд 7
![Originating in 40 years 19 century, Marxism was the theoretical](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-6.jpg)
Originating in 40 years 19 century, Marxism was the theoretical expression
of the crisis of classical capitalism
Слайд 8
![Marxism also reflected the political goals and interests of rising proletariat.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-7.jpg)
Marxism also reflected the political goals and interests of rising proletariat.
Слайд 9
![Theoretical sources of Marxism were: -German classical philosophy -British political economy -French utopian socialism](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-8.jpg)
Theoretical sources of Marxism were:
-German classical philosophy
-British political economy
-French utopian socialism
Слайд 10
![Scientific sources were such discoveries as: - The opening of ‘cellular (клеточный) structure of organisms](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-9.jpg)
Scientific sources were such discoveries as:
- The opening of ‘cellular (клеточный)
structure of organisms
Слайд 11
![- Darwin’s teaching on origin and development of animals and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-10.jpg)
- Darwin’s teaching on origin and development of animals and plants
-
Discovery of the law of conservation and transformation energy.
Слайд 12
![In general, Marx studied development of society is a process](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-11.jpg)
In general, Marx studied development of society is a process of
natural history, where the social being determines social consciousness.
Слайд 13
![History of mankind is divided into: 1. “Prehistory” (the primitive,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-12.jpg)
History of mankind is divided into:
1. “Prehistory” (the primitive, slave, feudal,
bourgeois formations) where the person was not free.
Слайд 14
![2. “True” history of humanity (where people will truly be](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-13.jpg)
2. “True” history of humanity (where people will truly be free)
and it will be created by people deliberately (сознательно).
Слайд 15
![According to materialism, labor, practice is the foundation of human](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-14.jpg)
According to materialism, labor, practice is the foundation of human life.
Practice is more original, primary in relation to the whole spiritual life.
Слайд 16
![Thoughts about the role of practice, Marx described in the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-15.jpg)
Thoughts about the role of practice, Marx described in the “Theses
on Feuerbach”.
Every worldview, including philosophical, does not create, but only expresses life, and life is changing on its own laws.
Слайд 17
![Living in society person enters into numerous contacts with others.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-16.jpg)
Living in society person enters into numerous contacts with others. As
a result, he creates social connections and relationships.
Слайд 18
![In proletariat Marx and Engels saw a new class, whose](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-17.jpg)
In proletariat Marx and Engels saw a new class, whose vocation
(призвание) is the destruction of exploitation (эксплуатация) people.
Слайд 19
![Destruction of private property is the path to liberation.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-18.jpg)
Destruction of private property is the path to liberation.
Слайд 20
![Marx assesses (оценивать) proletariat as a practical force, in a’lliance](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-19.jpg)
Marx assesses (оценивать) proletariat as a practical force, in a’lliance with
which philosophy can realize a goal: “Proletariat finds in philosophy its spiritual weapons...”
Слайд 21
![In his “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”, Marx calls his philosophy as a real humanism.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-20.jpg)
In his “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”, Marx calls his
philosophy as a real humanism.
Слайд 22
![Embodiment of real humanity is the elimination of alienation of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-21.jpg)
Embodiment of real humanity is the elimination of alienation of labor.
Man is the ensemble of social relations.
Слайд 23
![“The Poverty of Philosophy” (1847) In it Marx formulates the](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-22.jpg)
“The Poverty of Philosophy” (1847)
In it Marx formulates the relation of
productive forces and productive relations, creates the theory of ‘surplus value (прибав. стоимость).
Слайд 24
![So, the essence of Marxist philosophy is connection between materialism and dialectics.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-23.jpg)
So, the essence of Marxist philosophy is connection between materialism and
dialectics.
Слайд 25
![Neo-Kantianism Under the slogan “Back to Kant” was born “Neo-Kantianism” (60 years of the 19th century).](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-24.jpg)
Neo-Kantianism
Under the slogan “Back to Kant” was born “Neo-Kantianism” (60 years
of the 19th century).
Слайд 26
![Problem of cognition has a major role. Limiting the sphere](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-25.jpg)
Problem of cognition has a major role. Limiting the sphere of
experience, they believed that foundation of cognition is in inborn (врождённый) ‘patterns (образец).
Слайд 27
![There were two schools: Marburg school (H.Cohen, P.Natorp, E.Cassirer). Philosophy is science of cognition, nature.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-26.jpg)
There were two schools:
Marburg school (H.Cohen, P.Natorp, E.Cassirer).
Philosophy is science of
cognition, nature.
Слайд 28
![Baden school (Wilhelm Windelband, Henry Rickert). Philosophy is the science of values, spirit.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-27.jpg)
Baden school
(Wilhelm Windelband, Henry Rickert).
Philosophy is the science of values,
spirit.
Слайд 29
![There also was one more school: Neo-Hegelianism – an idealistic](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-28.jpg)
There also was one more school:
Neo-Hegelianism – an idealistic trend,
based on updated (обновление) interpretations of Hegel’s philosophy.
Слайд 30
![Thomism is the religious philosophy (70 years of the 19th](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-29.jpg)
Thomism is the religious philosophy (70 years of the 19th century),
which has become philosophy of Vatican.
Слайд 31
![In 19 cent. philosophy of irrationalism starts to develop which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-30.jpg)
In 19 cent. philosophy of irrationalism starts to develop which denied
a role reasonable beginning in human.
(Opposition to the classical philosophy)
Слайд 32
![Irrationalism gave a critical evaluation of rational knowledge, defined its boundaries, the limits of its capabilities](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-31.jpg)
Irrationalism gave a critical evaluation of rational knowledge, defined its boundaries,
the limits of its capabilities
Слайд 33
![The first steps from rationalism to irrationalism were made by S.Kierkegaard, A.Schopenhauer, F.Nietzsche.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-32.jpg)
The first steps from rationalism to irrationalism were made by S.Kierkegaard,
A.Schopenhauer, F.Nietzsche.
Слайд 34
![Søren Aabye Kierkegaard (1813-1855) “Either\or” “Fear and Trembling”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-33.jpg)
Søren Aabye Kierkegaard
(1813-1855)
“Either\or”
“Fear and Trembling”
Слайд 35
![Kierkegaard distinguishes three stages of human existence: * Aesthetical, * Ethical, * Religious.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-34.jpg)
Kierkegaard distinguishes three stages of human existence:
* Aesthetical,
* Ethical,
* Religious.
Слайд 36
![Soren Kierkegaard divides people into four types: 1.Everyman lives as](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-35.jpg)
Soren Kierkegaard divides people into four types:
1.Everyman lives as his
surrounding
2. Aesthetic man chooses own way
Слайд 37
![3. Ethical man has a sense of duty and responsibility](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-36.jpg)
3. Ethical man has a sense of duty and responsibility
4.
Religious man feels despair (отчаяние), and he is feeling a spiritual breakthrough (прорыв).
Слайд 38
![Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860) “The World as Will and Representation” (1819)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-37.jpg)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788 - 1860)
“The World as Will and Representation” (1819)
Слайд 39
![The Will is understood as an universal cosmic phenomenon, and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-38.jpg)
The Will is understood as an universal cosmic phenomenon, and every
force in nature as the Will.
Слайд 40
![Man is a manifestation of the Will, his nature, therefore,](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-39.jpg)
Man is a manifestation of the Will, his nature, therefore, is
irrational. The Will fights with itself.
However will to live dictates human acts. And will to live struggles with the Will.
Слайд 41
![Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900) “Human, All Too Human” “Thus Spoke Zarathustra” etc.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-40.jpg)
Friedrich Nietzsche (1844 - 1900)
“Human, All Too Human”
“Thus Spoke Zarathustra” etc.
Слайд 42
![“Will to power” pervades (пронизывает) everything: the universe, society, human.](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-41.jpg)
“Will to power” pervades (пронизывает) everything: the universe, society, human. It
injects (внедряется) itself into the very being
Слайд 43
![Nietzsche created a prototype liberated man – a Overhuman with](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-42.jpg)
Nietzsche created a prototype liberated man – a Overhuman with hypertrophic
will to power – “blond beast” (белокурая бестия).
God is dead (Бог умер).
Слайд 44
![Nietzsche created a doctrine of the Dionysian and Apollonian beginnings](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-43.jpg)
Nietzsche created a doctrine of the Dionysian and Apollonian beginnings in
a person. The Dionysian (destroying) beginning has positive influence on human life. The Apollonian (cultural) beginning is negatively reflected in all mankind.
Слайд 45
![Henri Bergson (1859 - 1941) Intuitivism “Creative Evolution”, “Matter and Memory”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-44.jpg)
Henri Bergson (1859 - 1941)
Intuitivism
“Creative Evolution”,
“Matter and Memory”
Слайд 46
![In his philosophy Bergson manifests true life that is different](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-45.jpg)
In his philosophy Bergson manifests true life that is different from
matter and spirit.
Intuition, duration, vital impulse
Слайд 47
![First Hermeneutics: Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911) “Introduction to the sciences of the spirit”](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-46.jpg)
First Hermeneutics: Wilhelm Dilthey (1833 - 1911)
“Introduction to the sciences of
the spirit”
Слайд 48
![Sigmund Freud (1856 - 1939) “Totem and Taboo”, “The Interpretation](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-47.jpg)
Sigmund Freud
(1856 - 1939)
“Totem and Taboo”,
“The Interpretation of Dreams”,
“The Ego
and the Id” etc.
Слайд 49
![Man is a biosocial being, whose psyche is composed of](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-48.jpg)
Man is a biosocial being, whose psyche is composed of three
structures:
1. With the help of consciousness man creates his own “I” (Ego)
Слайд 50
![2. “It” (Id) is unconscious part of the psyche, in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-49.jpg)
2. “It” (Id) is unconscious part of the psyche, in which
there are the hidden movements of the soul, human instincts (influenced to “I”)
Слайд 51
![3. “Super I” (super-Ego) is the cultural taboos of society (impact on the “I”).](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-50.jpg)
3. “Super I” (super-Ego) is the cultural taboos of society (impact
on the “I”).
Слайд 52
![“I” is located in the gripes (тиски) of “Id” and](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/409245/slide-51.jpg)
“I” is located in the gripes (тиски) of “Id” and “super-ego”,
prohibitions (запрет) and impulses, instincts and the sexual instinct, described by the term “libido”