Epistemology in history-philosophical discourse презентация

Martin Luther
(1483-1546)
Father of Reformation & Protestantism
“salvation is not earned by good deeds but received only as a free gift of God's grace through faith in Jesus Christ as redeemer from sin”
“Bible is the only source of divinely revealed knowledge”

Renaissance:
Revival of Greek and Roman studies;
Intense interest in the visible world and in knowledge derived from concrete sensory experience;
Experience and reason became the sole standards of truth.

Nicola Machiavelli
(1469-1527)
“Il principe” (“The Prince”)
“The end justifies the means”
Ruler are not bound by traditional ethical norms
A Prince should be concerned only by rules that would lead to success and political actions

Science

Perception problem:
Middle Ages
Renaissance
Geocentric system (Earth – center of Universe)
God s primary, nature – secondary
God is the source of truthful knowledge, nature is sinful and untruthful
Only God can be percept by the way of praying and reading Holy texts
Heliocentric system (Sun is the center of Solar system)
God = Nature (pantheism )
Truth can be discover both ways – from perception of God & from perception of nature
Nature must be percept by experiments and sensual observations

mikolaj Kopernik
(1473-1543)
(Nicolaus Copernicus)
- mathematician, astronomer, jurist with a doctorate in law, physician, classics scholar, translator, artist, Catholic cleric, governor, diplomat and economist.
Heliocentric model of the solar system
His work stimulated further scientific investigations, becoming a landmark in the history of science that is often referred to as the Copernican Revolution.

Galileo Galilei (1564-1642)
If science has a beginning date, it must be 1632 when the Italian astronomer and physicist Galileo Galilei, published his book:
“Dialogue on the Two Systems of the World”.
All the previous work, all the observations, theory, and fighting against dogmatic concepts were brought together by Galileo.

Emphasized the importance of applying mathematics to the formulation of scientific laws;
The science of mechanics (physics) was created and applied principles of geometry to the motions of bodies;
Invented first astronomical quality telescope;

Isaac Newton
(1642-1727)
English physicist, mathematician, astronomer, natural philosopher, alchemist and theologian
has been considered by many to be the greatest and most influential scientist who ever lived

Philosophia Naturalis Principia Mathematica (1687)
- the foundations for most of classical mechanics.
described universal gravitation and the three laws of motion, which dominated the scientific view of the physical universe for the next three centuries

EMPIRICISM
RATIONALISM
“empirio”- Lat. experience
The one source of knowledge is experience, when all surrounding world influences our senses (sensualism)
Francis Bacon
Thomas Hobbes
John Locke
George Berkley
David Hume
“ratio” – Lat. Mind
Real knowledge possible only from reason (mind), not from experience
Existing of’ “inborn ideas”, from which logically all knowledge can be taken out.
Rene Des Cartes
Baruch B. Spinoza
Wilhelm Leibniz

Key word:
Cognition –
totality of processes & methods of discovering knowledge about phenomena & regularities (rules) of objective world