The phoneme theory презентация

Outline
1. The phoneme and its definition
2. Aspects of the phoneme
3. Types of mistakes
4. The Phoneme Theory at home and abroad
5. Methods of Phonological Investigation
6. Morphonology

The Phoneme and Its Definition
phoneme [fni:m]
N.V. Krushevsky (1851-1887)
Baudouin de Courtenay (1845-1929)
[b dwæn d k: tn ]
noticeable

The Phoneme and Its Definition
“The phoneme is the smallest, further indivisible language unit that exists in the speech of all members of a given language community as such speech sounds which are capable of differentiating one word from another or one grammatical form of a word from another grammatical form of the same word.”
(prof. Vassilyev 1970)

Aspects of the Phoneme
The aspects: material
abstract
functional
allophone [ælfn]
principal [prntspl]
secondary (subsidiary)
relevant (distinctive)
irrelevant (nondistinctive)

forelingual
apical
alveolar
plosive (stop)
fortis (voiceless)
aspirated
occlusive
The Sound [t] in Isolation

The Allophones of the Phoneme [t]
1. principal: [t:]
2. subsidiary:
[ti:] (palatalized)
[let ðm] dental (not alveolar)
[nt ðm]
[tra]
[tri:] post alveolar
[tre]

The Allophones of the Phoneme [t]
no plosion: [nt kwat]
[nt kl]
lateral plosion: [nt ltl]
[nt let]
not aspirated: [ste]
[st:]
labialized: [twas]

The Invariant of the Phoneme [t]
The bundle of distinctive articulatory features:
occlusive
forelingual
fortis

The Invariant of the Phoneme [t]
forelingual – backlingual articulation
[t:n - k:n] [tra - kra]
fortis-lenis
[t:n - d:n] [ta - da]
occlusive – constrictive articulation
[ti: -si:] [tld - sld]

The phonemes differentiate the meaning of:
1) morphemes:
[sli:p - sli:p]
[sefl - seft]
2) words:
[pe - be]
[t:n - d:n]
3) sentences:
I don’t like this cat. – I don’t like this cut.
I don’t like this girl. – I don’t like this curl.

Irrelevant Features of Phonemes
vowel length
aspiration
A Phonological Opposition (Distinctive)
e.g. [h:d - h:t] (lenis-fortis articulation

3. Types of Mistakes
I. Phonological:
e.g. [ri: - tri:]
1) The place of articulation:
[] - interdental
[t] - alveolar
2) The manner of noise production:
[] - fricative, constrictive
[t] – occlusive, stop

Types of Mistakes
II. Phonetic:
e.g. [let ðm]
alveolar or dental [t]
[i:i:p]
overlengthened [i:]

4. The Phoneme Theory at Home and Abroad
to exaggerate
to ignore
I.A. Baudouin de Courtenay
[bdwæn d k:tni]
a fictitious unit [fkts]
a psychical image [sakkl]
idealistic [adlstk]

The Phoneme Theory at Home and Abroad
L.V. Scherba (1880-1944)
“Russian Vowels in Qualitative and Quantitative Aspects” (1911)
“A Manual of French Phonetics”
The Prague School of Linguistics
Vilem Mathesius (1882-1945)
Богумил Трнка
Богуслав Гавранек
Йозеф Вахек
Р.О. Якобсон (Roman Jacobson)
Н.С. Трубецкой (1990-1938)

The Phoneme Theory at Home and Abroad
Ferdinand de Saussure (1857-1913)
[ f:dnænd d ssj]
Twaddel [twdel]
Leonard Bloomfield [lend blu:mfi:ld]
Daniel Jones [dænjl dnz]
vulgarly – materialistic
Bloch [blh]
Trager [treg]

5. Methods of Phonological Investigation
1. semantically – distributional:
Phonemes can distinguish meaning when opposed to one another.
Allophones of the same phoneme never occur in the same phonetic context.
a commutation test:
a). [pn – sn]
b). [pn - pn]
c). [pn – hn]

Methods of Phonological Investigation
a system of oppositions:
- single: [pen – ben] fortis-lenis
double: [pen – den]
bilabial – forlingual fortis-lenis
triple: [pen – ðen]
bilabial – forlingual occlusive - constrictive
fortis-lenis

Methods of Phonological Investigation
[h] is never used at the end
[ŋ] is never used at the beginning
2. substitutional (formally distributional)
шкаф – шкап
The sounds are different but the meaning is the same.

6. Morphonology
To establish the phonemic status of sounds when their distinctive features are neutralized.
[bdkt -bdekt] [] – []
лук – луг (луга) [k]
the Moscow School (morphological)
П.С. Кузнецов
А.А. Реформатский
Р.И. Аванесов

Morphonology
the Moscow School (morphological)
The phonemic status of the morpheme is constant, it cannot vary.
A strong position of a vowel is when it is stressed.
A strong position of a consonant is before a vowel.

Morphonology
The variation of the allophones of the same phoneme is not limited. One and the same sound can belong to different phonemes.
[bdkt -bdekt] - the morphemes are the same, so the sounds [] and [] are the allophones of the same phoneme.
лук – луг (луга)– the morphemes are different, so the allophones [k] belong to different phonemes.

the Leningrad School (Scherba’s school)
Л.Р. Зиндер
М.И. Матусевич
Л.В. Бондарко
В.А. Васильев
One and the same sound cannot belong to different phonemes.
The difference between the allophones of the same phoneme is limited.

[bdkt - bdekt] [] and [] – allophones of different phonemes.
лук – луг (луга) – the allophones [k] belong to the same phoneme.
[dg - led]
корзина, корова, собака, [dekret]
[nju:z – nju:spep]

Thank you