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![Functional system Expressive language include at least the following components:](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-1.jpg)
Functional system
Expressive language include at least the following components:
inner speech
producing
a articulatory poses
switching from one articulatory pose to another (oral articulatory motor series)
kinesthetic feedback from articulatory movements
auditory phonemic analysis of speech
working memory
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![Broca's area](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-2.jpg)
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![Phrenology Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-3.jpg)
Phrenology
Franz Joseph Gall (1758-1828)
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![](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-4.jpg)
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![Luria's theory Mental process Physiological process (neuronal activity) The components](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-5.jpg)
Luria's theory
Mental process
Physiological process (neuronal activity)
The components of the functional
systems reflect the activity of specific brain regions.
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![Luria's theory Psychological process Physiological process Neuropsychological factors (Specific brain Mechanisms)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-6.jpg)
Luria's theory
Psychological process
Physiological process
Neuropsychological factors
(Specific
brain
Mechanisms)
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![Neuropsychological factor is a specific brain mechanism that contribute to a specific component of functional system](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-7.jpg)
Neuropsychological factor is a specific brain mechanism that contribute to a
specific component of functional system
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![The basic concept of Luria's theory The brain is "a functional mosaic” of specific neuropsychological factors](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-8.jpg)
The basic concept of Luria's theory
The brain is "a functional
mosaic” of specific neuropsychological factors
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![The basic concept of Luria's theory Various combinations of specific](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-9.jpg)
The basic concept of Luria's theory
Various combinations of specific neuropsychological
factors
provide the neural basis of cognitive processes
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![Dysgraphia deficiency in the ability to write](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-10.jpg)
Dysgraphia
deficiency in the ability to write
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 1. Visual image of letter q g](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-11.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
1. Visual image of letter
q
g
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms and compensations Substitutions of visually similar letters quick](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-12.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms and compensations
Substitutions of visually similar letters
quick – guick
Compensation
the
use of kinaesthetic analysis of graphic movements
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Visual analysis of details in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-13.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Visual analysis of details in letters
Brain
area
Visual cortex
(occipital lobe)
Brain mechanism
Visual information processing
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 2. Visuospatial image of letter b d q](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-14.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
2. Visuospatial image of letter
b d
q
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms Mirror writing dog bog](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-15.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms
Mirror writing
dog bog
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Visual analysis of letters which](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-16.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Visual analysis of letters which have only
visuospatial differences
Brain area
Posterior-parietal associative cortex
(parietal lobe)
Brain mechanism
Visuospatial information processing
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 3. Motor component Afferent part Efferent part](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-17.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
3. Motor component
Afferent part
Efferent part
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![Dysgraphia Afferent part Symptoms and compensations Clumsy writing](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-18.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Afferent part
Symptoms and compensations
Clumsy writing
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![Dysgraphia Afferent part Symptoms and compensations Compensation big letters](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-19.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Afferent part
Symptoms and compensations
Compensation
big letters
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Kinaesthetic analysis of graphic movements](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-20.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Kinaesthetic analysis of graphic movements (motor schema
corresponding to the image of the letter).
Brain area
Somatosensory cortex (hand/wrist area)
Brain mechanism
Kinaesthetic information Processing
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System Motor component Efferent part](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-21.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
Motor component
Efferent part
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![Dysgraphia Efferent part Symptoms and compensations Perseverations of elements in letters or letter Velvet - Wellvet](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-22.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Efferent part
Symptoms and compensations
Perseverations of elements in letters or letter
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![Dysgraphia Efferent part Symptoms and compensations Compensation writing in printed letters](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-23.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Efferent part
Symptoms and compensations
Compensation
writing in printed letters
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Kinetic (sequential) organization of movements](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-24.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Kinetic (sequential) organization of movements in writing
Easiness
of switching from one element of letter to another, from one letter to another.
Brain area
Premotor cortex (Supplementary motor cortex - SMA)
Brain mechanism
Kinetic mechanism
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 4. Control of writing](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-25.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
4. Control of writing
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms Lack of capitalization and punctuation Grammar mistakes](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-26.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms
Lack of capitalization and punctuation
Grammar mistakes
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Planning, initiation and control in](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-27.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Planning, initiation and control in writing
Control
in using punctuation and orthography rules.
Brain area
Prefrontal cortex
Brain mechanism
Executive abilities
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 5. Phonemic perception](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-28.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
5. Phonemic perception
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms and compensations Substitutions of opposite consonants (b/p)](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-29.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms and compensations
Substitutions of opposite consonants
(b/p)
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms and compensations Compensation use of a context](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-30.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms and compensations
Compensation
use of a context
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Differentiation of similar phonemes (opposite](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-31.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Differentiation of similar phonemes (opposite consonants, soft
and hard consonants)
Brain area
Primary auditory area of left temporal cortex
Brain mechanism
Phonemic information Processing
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 6. Working memory](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-32.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
6. Working memory
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms and compensations Omissions of words in sentences Changing](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-33.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms and compensations
Omissions of words in sentences
Changing position of words
in a sentences
Compensation – replacement words close in meaning
My friend Peter will come to me on Sunday.
My friend will come to me
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![Dysgraphia The role in writing Retaining information for writing using](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-34.jpg)
Dysgraphia
The role in writing
Retaining information for writing using working memory
Brain
area
Prefrontal cortex
Brain mechanism
Working memory
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![Dysgraphia Component of the Functional System 7. Stability in writing](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-35.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Component of the Functional System
7. Stability in writing
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![Dysgraphia Symptoms of disturbances and compensations Micrographia Fluctuations in pen](/_ipx/f_webp&q_80&fit_contain&s_1440x1080/imagesDir/jpg/200679/slide-36.jpg)
Dysgraphia
Symptoms of disturbances and compensations
Micrographia
Fluctuations in pen pressure
Intervals disproportion
Slow writing
Difficulties
in retaining working posture
Large fluctuations in the rate and
success of writing during a lesson