Theory of Supply and Demand презентация

Demand
the desire to own something and the ability to pay for it
Price changes always affect the quantity demanded;
Law of Demand: When a good’s price is lower, consumers will buy more of it and when the price is higher people will buy less of it

Law of Demand
Other things equal, the quantity demanded of a good falls when the price of the good rises.
Quantity demanded is the amount of the good that buyers are willing to purchase

Types of markets
Market is a group of buyers and sellers of a particular good or service
Buyers determine the demand for a product and sellers determine the supply of the product
Competitive market is a market in which there are many buyers and many sellers in the market so that each has a negligible impact on the market price

Types of Markets
Competitive markets
Goods being sold are all relatively the same
Sometimes there is better marketing or other factors that lead a company to be more successful
Examples?
Monopoly is characterized by:
One seller and many buyers
Seller sets the price
One company controls market
Oligopoly is characterized by
Few sellers without rigorous competition (few sellers control market)
The sellers get together to set a price (collusion)
Monopolistic competition is characterized by
Many sellers, each selling a differentiated product
Sellers have some ability to set the price for their own product

There are 2 behaviors economists look at to study demand
Substitution Effect
Takes place when a consumer reacts to a rise in the price of one good by consuming less of that good and more of a substitute good
Example: What happens when an item becomes too expensive for you to purchase? You look for something else
Income Effect
The change in consumption that results when a price increase causes real income to decline
Your income dictates what you can or can not buy
If the price of a good you normally buy drops then you now have money to buy other things
If the price of something you buy goes up you either have to adjust other things that you buy or not buy the item
Price will dictate how much of the item you will buy also

Demand Schedule
Demand Schedule
It is a table that lists the quantity of a good that a person will purchase at various prices in the market
Market Demand Schedule
Shows quantities demanded at various prices by all consumers in the market
Used to predict how much of an item is needed to sell to maximize profit and not create waste
Chart on page 71 figure 3.1

Law of Demand with Pizza

Determinants of Demand
Determinants of quantity demanded:
Income (normal, inferior)
Prices of related goods (substitutes, complements)
Tastes/preferences
Expectations
Number of buyers (Market demand curve)
Demand schedule and Demand curve
Demand schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity demanded
Demand curve graphs the demand schedule. The demand curve slopes downward

Market Versus Individual Demand
Market demand is the horizontal sum of all individual demands for a particular good or service
Market demand is derived from individual demands and thus depends on all those factors that determine individual demand (income, expectations, etc)
In our case, market demand curve shows the variations in the quantity demanded of a good as price changes

Shifts Versus Movements Along the Demand Curve
Any change that varies the quantity that buyers wish to buy at a given price shifts the demand curve
Changes in price that varies the quantity that buyers wish to buy is represented as a movement along the demand curve
To summarize: Demand curve shows what happens to the quantity demanded of a good when its price varies, holding constant all other determinants of quantity demanded. When one of these determinants changes, the demand curve shifts.

Application of law of Demand: Policy to Reduce Smoking
Raise prices of cigarettes by putting a tax on them
Introduce a public awareness program regarding ill effects of smoking (effect?)
Other examples
Put a tax on soda to increase revenue
Deter people from buying it

SUPPLY
Quantity supplied of any good is the amount that sellers are willing to sell in the market
Determinants of supply:
Price
Input prices
Technology
Expectations
Number of sellers (Market supply curve)

Law of Supply
Other things equal, the quantity supplied of a good rises when the price of the good rises.
Quantity supplied is positively related to the price of the good
Supply schedule is a table that shows the relationship between the price of a good and the quantity supplied
Supply curve graphs the supply schedule. It is upward sloping

Market Versus Individual Supply
Market supply is derived by horizontally summing the individual supply curves
Market supply curve shows how the quantity supplied varies as the price of the good varies
Any change that varies the quantity supplied at a given price shifts the supply curve
Changes in price that varies the quantity supplied in the market is represented as a movement along the supply curve

SUPPLY AND DEMAND
How do supply and demand combined together determine the quantity and price of a good sold in the market?
Supply and demand curves intersect. At this equilibrium price quantity supplied equals quantity demanded
Equilibrium is a situation in which supply equals demand
Equilibrium price is also called as the market clearing price as quantity supplied equals quantity demanded

SUPPLY AND DEMAND
What happens when market price is not equal to the equilibrium price?
Excess supply- surplus in the market
Excess demand- shortage in the market
Free markets reach equilibrium through the interaction of buyers and sellers and price is the tool through which the market is cleared

LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND
Other things remaining same, the price of any good adjusts to bring the supply and demand for that good into balance.
Shifts versus movements along curves
Change in quantity supplied and change in quantity demanded is represented as a movement along the fixed supply and demand curves respectively
Change in supply and change in demand is represented as shifts in supply and demand curves respectively

Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium: Application
Change in demand- shifts in the demand curve
Change in supply- shifts in the supply curve
Changes in both supply and demand- Change in equilibrium quantity and price
A simple application

Analyzing Changes in Equilibrium: Summary