Содержание
- 2. Photovoltaics - PV Photo Voltaic effect – phenomenon, when light energy directly converts into electricity. First
- 3. Trend: PV capacity growth EPIA - European Photovoltaic Industry Association - forecast 2014-2018 PV1
- 4. Photovoltaics: Principles Introduction - Quantum mechanics Physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Efficiency, degradation, price Various
- 5. Popular Quantum Mechanics Interference of Particles. Bohr’s model of atom. Energy states in a crystal. Metals,
- 6. Electromagnetic (EM) radiation
- 7. Dualism of EM radiation EM radiation exhibits both wave behavior and particle behavior Thomas young’s and
- 8. Double slit experiment LIGHT PV1
- 9. Double slit experiment Electrons PV1
- 10. Bohr’s model of atom. PV1
- 11. Electron can change its “orbital” by receiving or releasing a photon or thermal energy.
- 12. Absorption only happen if the photon energy match the atom’s energy discrete values! Emission generates a
- 14. Atom Energy Levels Isolated atom’s energy levels correspond to the orbitals The Pauli exclusion principle is
- 15. A system of two atoms N=2 Energy levels are split into two levels Energy
- 16. N – atom system Energy N=4 Energy levels are split into 4 levels
- 17. Solid body – crystalline lattice: Energy N >>, primary energy levels are split into zones or
- 18. When N >>, e.g. in solid bodies, 1023 atom per cm3.
- 20. Electronic Energy Bands In solids the atomic energy levels turn into bands r - distance between
- 21. Metal vs. Semiconductor, vs. Insulator the band structure defines if a substance metal, semiconductor or insulator
- 22. At non-zero temperatures, PV1
- 23. PV1
- 24. Silicon crystal structure PV1
- 25. P-N-Junction PV1 P-N-Junctions have the ability to form built in electric field in the space charge
- 26. PV power generation PV1
- 27. PV1
- 28. PV1
- 29. PV1 Now, what will happen if a semicon-ductor structure’s p-n-junction is bombar-ded with photons?
- 30. P-N-Junction The interface of the p-doped and n-doped semiconductors is called P-N-Junction P-N-Junction in fact is
- 31. PV1
- 32. Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion E=hν>Eg Energy, eV X hole E=hν>Eg separation of
- 33. P-N-Junction PV1
- 34. PV power generation PV1 solar PV cell is a diode due to the p-n-junction. This large
- 35. Light emission diode = LED LED performs the opposite function – converts electric power into visible
- 36. Sensitivity Spectrum Why PV cells are sensitive to light spectrum? What will happen if a photon,
- 37. Sensitivity Spectrum – via wavelength or equivalent via photon energy PV1
- 38. Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion Existance of electrones and holes Built in electric
- 39. Summary of physical principles of Photovoltaic (PV) Conversion PV1 solar PV cell is a diode due
- 40. Factors Influencing Efficiency Semiconductor related Percentage of spectral overlapping Quantum efficiency, Absorption depth vs. p-n-junction depth
- 41. Percentage of spectral overlapping PV1
- 42. Spectrum vs. Energy PV1
- 43. Absorption depth vs. p-n-junction depth and thickness Iν(x) = Iν0e-αx PV1
- 44. Recombination of electrons and holes PV1
- 45. The reverse current in the p-n-junction – defects inside SCR that enhance recombination, i.e. loss of
- 46. Shockley-Queisser Limit The Shockley-Queisser limit for the efficiency of a single-junction solar cell under unconcentrated sunlight.
- 47. Factors Influencing Efficiency Factors outside the semiconductor Surface reflectance Shading by collecting electrode, effective surface. Optical
- 48. Surface reflectance By the semiconductor surface By the weather encapsulation By the low-iron, tempered glass Anty-reflective
- 49. Optical Fill Factor (OFF) The area that is open for the radiation Shading by collecting electrode
- 50. Electrical Fill Factor (EFF) is the Preal/(IscVoc), Isc = short circuit current, Voc = open circuit
- 51. Max Power Point PV1 Pmax = IscVoc never happens in real situations
- 52. Organic PV cell test, AUA PV1
- 53. Types of Solar Converters Crystalline Silicon: Single-crystal (c-Si) – eff 22% Crystalline Silicon: Multi-crystalline (mc-Si) or
- 54. PV cell materials in the market Market share percentage of PV cell technologies installed in Malaysia
- 55. PV cell materials in the market Market share percentage of PV cell technologies installed in Malaysia
- 56. Efficiency In 1884 the first Selenium Solar cell had 1% efficiency. The theoretical maximum is 64%
- 57. Stacked multi junction solar cells PV
- 58. PV Stacked multi junction – MJ – solar cells
- 59. PV
- 60. Components of the PV System Photovoltaic (PV) panels Battery Bank Charge controllers Invertors Load PV
- 61. PV
- 62. PV System calculation approach for net metering case Find out from your monthly bills your total
- 63. Types of Solar Converters Photoelectrochemical cells – now up to eff of 10% in experiments. Polymer
- 64. Concentration PV Photovoltaic concentrators have the added benefit of an increase in efficiency due to the
- 65. Multi-junction Solar cells under illumination of at least 400 suns, MJ solar panels become practical PV1
- 66. Amonix concentration systems PV Vahan Garbushian
- 67. BIPV PV
- 68. BIPV Similarly, if it is possible to use part of the windows or glazing of the
- 69. Efficiency In 1884 the first Selenium Solar cell had 1% efficiency. The theoretical maximum is 64%
- 70. PV1
- 71. 2009 vs 2003 PV1
- 72. 03 November, 2011 PV1
- 73. 20 November, 2012 PV1
- 74. 11 November 2013 PV1
- 75. November 2014 PV1
- 76. November 2015 PV1
- 77. How to compare solar cells? Efficiency Longevity – time to degradation Peak watt price PV1
- 78. Notion of the peak power price (PPP) Price of a cell, module or a system, per
- 79. How to compare PV cells, modules? Peak power price - $/Wp. Lifetime – years before substantial
- 80. PV module cost per peak watt PV1
- 81. PV module cost per peak watt – logarithmic PV1
- 82. PV1
- 83. PV1
- 84. PV1
- 85. PV1
- 86. PV1
- 87. 2004 world status of PV industry. PV1
- 88. PV1
- 89. PV1
- 90. Types of Solar Converters Photoelectrochemical cells – now up to eff of 10% in experiments. Polymer
- 91. PV manufacturing from Ore to Cells. Silicon resource, abundant, but… … stringent requirements to the ore
- 92. Realizations Fixed tilted flat panel Concentration PV (Tracking systems) Integrated PV PV1
- 93. PV systems The CIS Tower, Manchester, England, was clad in PV panels at a cost of
- 94. Photovoltaic wall at MNACTEC Terrassa in Spain PV1
- 95. PV standalone solar system PV1 Solar PV field Support Structure Batteries (voltage?) and charge controllers. Inverter
- 96. PV grid connected solar system PV1 Solar PV field Support Structure Grid Inverter Load – AC.
- 97. PV1 PV grid connected solar system
- 98. AUA SPVS general information Each panel has approximately 0.7 square meters surface and 70 watts of
- 99. PV Arrays PV1
- 100. PV Arrays PV1
- 101. Current Rooftop Setup PV1
- 102. AUA Solar Rooftop Strategy PV1
- 103. Should fit to the irregular shape of AUA rooftop Be earthquake resistant Be light enough to
- 104. PV1
- 105. PV1
- 106. PV1
- 107. PV1
- 108. AUA SPVS general information Project Participants: SEUA Heliotechnics Lab team Viasphere Technopark Transistor Plus team AUA
- 109. Components of the PV System Photovoltaic (PV) panels Battery Bank Charge controllers Invertors Load PV1
- 110. PV Cells Manufactured by Krasnoye Znamye, Russia 125 x 125 mm rounded square Capacity of each
- 111. PV Cells PV1
- 112. PV Panels manufactured in Armenia PV panels are manufactured by Heliotechnics Laboratory of the SEUA Used
- 113. PV Panels manufactured in Armenia PV1
- 114. Battery Bank The voltage used is DC 48 Volts We use eight Rolls Solar Deep Cycle
- 115. Charge Controllers The PV array is devided into 3 sub-arrays: - Right - Center - Left
- 116. Inverters – made in Armenia Designed and Manufactured by Transistor Plus of the Viasphere Technopark who
- 117. Inverter Performance PV1
- 118. Load Currently the load is the DESODEC (Solar HVAC) equipment With two controllable powerful duct fans,
- 119. Performance and benefits of the system Efficiencies of the different components: - PV panels: > 12%
- 120. PV System calculation approach See the handout “PV System calculation approach” PV1
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