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- 2. NEW IN CLASS? Send me an email to the following address: susanne.saral@okan.edu.tr DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
- 3. Activation of piazza.com account Enter your first and last name Select : Undergraduate Select : Economy
- 4. Where does data come from? Market research Survey (online questionnaires, paper questionnaires, etc.) Interviews Research experiments
- 5. Random Sampling Simple random sampling is a procedure in which: Each member/item in the population is
- 6. Convenience sample A sample where subjects are not chosen strictly by chance. The researchers choses the
- 7. Data - Information The objective of statistics is to extract information from data so that we
- 8. Variables A variable is any characteristic, number, or quantity that can be measured or counted. Age,
- 9. Variables and values (continued) Values of a variable are the possible observations of the variable. Examples:
- 10. Data = variable - values When we talk about data we talk about observed values of
- 11. Data – observed values of a variable Data = values – information Data can be numbers
- 12. Classification of variables Knowledge about the type of variable we are working with is necessary, because
- 13. Why classify variables? DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL Correctly classifying data is an important first step to
- 14. Classification of Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
- 15. Categorical/qualitative When the values of a variable are simply names of categories or codes, we call
- 16. Classification of Variables Categorical/qualitative data – nominal Categorical data generate responses that belong to categories: Responses
- 17. Classification of Variables Categorical/qualitative data – Ordinal Ordinal data includes an ordered range of choices, such
- 18. Classification of Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL Examples: Nationality Responses to yes/ no questions Codes Nominal
- 19. Classification of Variables Numerical/quantitative data Many variables are quantitative: Price of a product, quantity of a
- 20. Classification of Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL
- 21. Classification of Variables Numerical/quantitative data For quantitative variables, units such as TL or $, kilogram, minutes,
- 22. Classification of Variables Numerical/quantitative data – discrete Discrete variables are countable. They represent whole numbers –
- 23. Classification of Variables Numerical data – continuous Continuous variables may take on any value within a
- 24. For each of the following, identify the type of variable (categorical or numerical) the responses represent:
- 25. Classification of Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL Examples: # of goals in a football match #
- 26. Graphical Presentation of Categorical Data Data in raw form are usually not easy to use for
- 27. Raw data – data that is not yet organized Example: Football World cup champions (1930 –
- 28. Tables and Graphs for Categorical Variables DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM Categorical Data Graphing Data Pie
- 29. Organizing categorical data Categorical data produce values that are names, words or codes, but not real
- 30. The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table Summarizing categorical data A frequency table organizes data
- 31. (Variables are categorical) The Frequency and relative frequency - Distribution Table DR SUSANNE HANSEN SARAL, SUSANNE.SARAL@GMAIL.COM
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