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- 3. What are alcohols? Alcohols are a homologous series of organic compounds with the general formula CnH2n+1OH
- 4. Naming alcohols Alcohols with three or more carbon atoms display positional isomerism. The number of the
- 5. Alcohols and hydrogen bonding The presence of the hydroxyl group with its electronegative oxygen atom means
- 6. Making wine and cider Alcohol has been produced by fermentation of sugars for thousands of years.
- 7. Industrial fermentation Industrially, sugar cane, molasses (a product of refining sugar cane) or starch (from potatoes
- 8. Production of ethanol from ethene
- 9. Fermentation vs. hydration
- 11. A chain of carbon atoms can be represented by R when drawing the structure. This is
- 12. Oxidation of 1° alcohols: aldehydes Primary alcohols can be oxidized to aldehydes by an oxidizing agent
- 13. Synthesis of aldehydes When aldehydes are prepared by the reaction of a primary alcohol with acidified
- 14. Oxidation of 1° alcohols: carboxylic acids If primary alcohols are reacted with an excess of oxidizing
- 15. Synthesis of carboxylic acids
- 16. Oxidation of 2° alcohols: ketones Secondary alcohols can be oxidized to ketones by an oxidizing agent
- 17. Aldehyde, ketone or carboxylic acid?
- 18. Distinguishing aldehydes and ketones
- 19. Esterification Esterification involves refluxing a carboxylic acid and an alcohol with a concentrated sulfuric acid catalyst.
- 20. Oxidation of alcohols
- 22. Making alcohols from aldehydes/ketones Aldehydes and ketones can be reduced by a reducing agent, such as
- 23. Synthesis of ethene from ethanol
- 24. Dehydration of ethanol in the lab In the lab, dehydration of ethanol can be achieved by
- 25. Combustion of alcohols Alcohols undergo complete combustion to form carbon dioxide and water. Denatured alcohol is
- 26. Reaction with sodium
- 27. Forming halogenoalkanes from alcohols Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols all react with phosphorus(V) chloride to form
- 28. Alcohol reactions
- 30. Glossary
- 31. What’s the keyword?
- 32. What’s the structure?
- 33. Multiple-choice quiz
- 36. What are halogenoalkanes? Halogenoalkanes are similar to alkanes but with one or more of the hydrogen
- 37. Naming halogenoalkanes A prefix is added to the name of the alkane depending on what halogens
- 38. What’s the halogenoalkane?
- 39. A chain of carbon atoms can be represented by R when drawing the structure. This is
- 40. Primary, secondary or tertiary?
- 42. How are halogenoalkanes made? There are several ways by which halogenoalkanes can be made, including: free
- 43. Free radical substitution: Cl2 + CH4
- 44. Other products of chain reactions If an alkane is more than two carbons in length then
- 45. Further substitution in chain reactions Some chloromethane molecules formed during free radical substitution between methane and
- 46. Chain reactions and ozone
- 47. Free radical reactions: true or false?
- 49. Polar bonds and nucleophiles The carbon–halogen bond in halogenoalkanes is polar because all halogens are more
- 50. Nucleophiles (Nu-) attack the carbon of a carbon–halogen (C–X) bond, because the electron pair on the
- 51. Nucleophilic substitution reactions
- 52. Rate of nucleophilic substitution The rate of a nucleophilic substitution reaction depends on the strength of
- 53. Nucleophilic substitution
- 55. Elimination in halogenoalkanes In the reaction with a strong base, halogenoalkanes will undergo not only nucleophilic
- 56. Elimination mechanism
- 57. Mixture of elimination products If the carbon chain is four or more carbons in length and
- 58. Conditions are important The conditions for the reaction that favour substitution or elimination are different. Base
- 59. Primary, secondary or tertiary? Primary halogenoalkanes favour substitution whereas tertiary halogenoalkanes favour elimination. primary tertiary secondary
- 60. Elimination or substitution?
- 62. Glossary
- 63. What’s the keyword?
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